Regional-specific emission inventory for NH3, N2O, and CH4 via animal farming in South, Southeast, and East Asia

Ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emission from animal farming of South, Southeast, and East Asia, in 2000, was estimated at about 4.7 Tg NH₃–N, 0.51 Tg N₂O–N, and 29.9 Tg CH₄, respectively, using the FAO database and countries’ statistic databases as activity data, and emission factors taking account of regional characteristics. Most of these atmospheric components, up to 60–80%, were produced in China and India. Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, which were large source countries next to China and India, contributed more than a few percent of total emission of each atmospheric component. The largest emission livestock were cattle whose contribution was considerably high in South, Southeast, and East Asia; more than one-fourth of ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions: more than half of methane emission. The other major livestock for nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions were pigs. For methane emission, buffaloes were second source livestock. To provide spatial distributions of these gases, the emissions of county and district level were allocated into each 0.5° grid by means of the weighting by high-resolution land cover datasets. The regions with considerable high emissions of all components were able to be found at the Ganges delta and the Yellow River basin. The spatial distributions for ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions were similar but had a substantial difference from methane distribution.     

Distribution of heavy metals in the dissolved and suspended phase of the sea-surface microlayer, seawater column and in sediments of Singapore’s coastal environment

Concentrations of heavy metals were determined in the water column (including the sea-surface microlayer, subsurface, mid-depth and bottom water) and sediments from Singapore’s coastal environment. The concentration ranges for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the seawater dissolved phase (DP) were 0.34–2.04, 0.013–0.109, 0.07–0.35, 0.23–1.16, 0.28–0.78, 0.009–0.062 and 0.97–3.66 μg L⁻¹ respectively. The ranges for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) were 0.16–0.73, 6.72–53.93, 12.87–118.29, 4.34–60.71, 1.10–6.08 and 43.09–370.49 μg g⁻¹, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations in sediments ranged between 0.054–0.217, 37.48–50.52, 6.30–21.01, 13.27–26.59, 24.14–37.28 and 48.20–62.36 μg g⁻¹ for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. The lowest concentrations of metals in the DP and SPM were most frequently found in the subsurface water while the highest concentrations were mostly observed in the SML and bottom water. Overall, heavy metals in both the dissolved and particulate fractions have depth profiles that show a decreasing trend of concentrations from the subsurface to the bottom water, indicating that the prevalence of metals is linked to the marine biological cycle. In comparison to data from Greece, Malaysia and USA, the levels of metals in the DP are considered to be low in Singapore. Higher concentrations of particulate metals were reported for the Northern Adriatic Sea and the Rhine/Meuse estuary in the Netherlands compared to values reported in this study. The marine sediments in Singapore are not heavily contaminated when compared to metal levels in marine sediments from other countries such as Thailand, Japan, Korea, Spain and China.     

中国东南部中生代陆内岩浆作用的动力学背景

根据叠置在华夏和扬子陆块的中生代岩浆岩的时代、岩石系列和岩石组合以及Sr、Nd同位素特征，分析中生代岩浆作用特提斯陆内俯冲和碰撞—古太平洋俯冲走滑的动力学背景。在230－150Ma间，特提斯构造域的影响是华北与扬子陆块的水平碰撞缩短，华夏西南部是离散陆块的陆内俯冲，其结果在华夏陆块形成大规模高Isr低εNd（t）的S型花岗岩。145－90Ma间，在特提斯构造域深部构造效应的基础上叠加了古太平洋的俯冲走滑，结果在中下扬子区形成高钾富碱钙碱性系列和橄榄安粗岩系列火山一侵入杂岩，在华夏陆块形成高钾钙碱性系列和双峰式火山—侵入杂岩。两陆块内A型花岗岩类的形成（＜92Ma），标志中生代陆内造山岩浆作用的结束。     

中国东南部古构造格局与中生代岩浆活动的成因联系雏议

本文以构造沉积学资料为依据,论述了中国东南部的古构造格局及构造演化,并根据基底构造格局和板块运动方式,提出了中国东南部中生代岩浆活动与大陆碰撞有内在联系的成因机制论,并认为岩浆活动的时空演化及岩浆系列与板块碰撞的方式和时序密切相关.     

东南沿海基底杂岩的同位素年代学研究

系统研究同位素年龄结果表明,中国东南中生代火山岩盖层下普遍存在着前寒武系古老地层,变质杂岩最大年龄约为1900Ma,属早元古界晚期——中元古界早期。双溪坞组“底部”的英安质霏细斑岩的年龄,与上墅组的同位素年龄接近。象山石浦的硅质岩“天窗时代”应属震旦系地层,可与“灯影灰岩”对比。同位素年龄还揭示,华南地区有加里东旋回和印支旋回热事件的信息。基底杂岩的Nd同位素表明,前加里东期变质岩,大多数属大洋火山——硅质建造。它们表现出大的富集因子,和高的~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd.因此,不能说凡是有古老基底杂岩存在,就与克拉通或古陆等同。在中国东南板块内基底杂岩大多数在加里东造山褶皱期之前都处于活动“地槽”期,真正形成大陆地壳是在加里东期之后。Nd同位素资料还证明,不同微板块构造区地幔表现出明显的不均一性。     

Spatial distribution and source identification of wet deposition at remote EANET sites in Japan

Wet deposition of major ions was discussed from the viewpoint of its potential sources for six remote EANET sites in Japan (Rishiri, Happo, Oki, Ogasawara, Yusuhara, and Hedo) having sufficiently high data completeness during 2000–2004. The annual deposition for each site ranged from 12.1 to 46.6 meq m⁻² yr⁻¹ for nss-SO₄²⁻, from 5.0 to 21.9 meq m⁻² yr⁻¹ for NO₃⁻. The ranges of annual deposition of the two ions for the sites were lower than those for urban and rural sites in Japanese Acid Deposition Survey by Ministry of the Environment, Japan, and higher than those for global remote marine sites. Factor analysis was performed on log-transformed daily wet deposition of major ions for each site. The obtained two factors were interpreted as (1) acid and soil source (or acid source for some sites), and (2) sea-salt source for all the sites. This indicates that wet deposition of ions over the remote areas in Japan has a similar structure in terms of types of sources. Factor scores of acid and soil source were relatively high during Kosa (Asian dust) events in spring in western Japan. Back-trajectories for high-deposition episodes of acid and soil source (or acid source) for the remote sites showed that episodic air masses frequently came from the northeastern area of Asian Continent in spring and winter, and from central China in summer and autumn. This indicates a large contribution of continental emissions to wet deposition of ions over the remote areas in Japan.     

东南沿海中生代安山岩的地质意义

在中国东部大陆边缘中生代火山岩带中 ,东南沿海火山岩岩性岩相出露最全 ,火山地质调查研究程度较高。以往的研究主要集中于大面积酸性火山岩和与之共生的玄武岩 ,而对安山岩注意不够。作为过渡性岩类 ,安山岩的成因研究对于探讨中生代火山岩带物质来源、岩浆分异演化、大地构造背景等具有不可替代的作用。近年来在东南沿海新生代玄武岩中陆续发现了一些基性麻粒岩包体 ,为研究底侵作用与壳幔作用过程提供了珍贵的实物材料。结合基性麻粒岩包体的研究 ,进行系统的安山岩成因研究 ,对于研究中生代火山岩带成因、进而探讨东部大陆边缘形成演化动力学过程 ,具有重要意义     

论浙东南磨石山群祝村组的解体

对浙东南磨石山群祝村组层型———丽水祝村剖面及其附近进一步地质调查时发现祝村组“下伏”的九里坪组为一个英安玢岩侵出体。祝村组建组的基础不存在。祝村组下部英安质熔结凝灰岩和上部流纹岩Nd同位素测定结果 :εNd(t)值和T2DM值分别为 - 9.6、- 7.2和1.70Ga、1.5 1Ga ,表明它们物质来源不同 ,属于不同火山旋回的产物。根据地层层序、岩石组合及与区域磨石山群地层对比 ,祝村组应解体为西山头组、茶湾组和九里坪组。祝村组一名不宜继续使用     

闽东南土壤岩石中天然放射性核素水平调查研究

报道了闽东南地区土壤岩石中天然放射性核素含量调查的结果。调查布点基本与环境陆地γ辐射剂量率调查布点同位。该调查结果表明 :闽东南地区由花岗岩、混合岩和中酸性火山岩就地分化残留物沉积而成的酸性红壤土中的2 38U、2 32 Th、2 2 6 Ra、4 0 K放射性核素平均含量分别为 62 .3Bq/kg、73 .2Bq/kg、1 1 5Bq/kg和 872Bq/kg ;2 38U、2 2 6 Ra含量 ,花岗岩类 >中酸性火山岩类 变质岩类 >基性岩类 ;2 32 Th、4 0 K含量 ,中酸性火山岩类 >花岗岩类 变质岩类 >基性岩类 ,与不同岩石所在地区原野γ辐射剂量率、室外空气中2 2 2 Rn及其子体浓度的测定结果基本一致。     

东南亚生物质燃烧对我国春季PM2.5质量浓度影响的数值模拟

为研究东南亚生物质燃烧对我国的影响,利用NAQPMS(嵌套网格空气质量预报模式系统)模拟分析了2013年3月我国及东南亚污染物质量浓度分布,以及东南亚国家生物质燃烧对我国ρ(PM_2.5)的贡献. 结果表明:NAQPMS模式可较好地再现ρ(PM_2.5)的时空演变规律. 在我国西南部分地区,东南亚生物质燃烧贡献与当地人为源相当,并且在ρ(PM_2.5)较高时尤为明显. 东南亚生物质燃烧对我国的影响主要有两个路径:第一个路径是缅甸向云南等地的输送,对云南ρ(PM_2.5)的月均贡献达到20 μg/m3(贡献率为30%),是云南本地生物质燃烧贡献的2倍左右,日均贡献甚至可达到34 μg/m3(贡献率为43%),高于我国人为源贡献(28 μg/m3)和贡献率(36%);第二个路径是老挝和越南向云南与广西交界的输送, 对南宁ρ(PM_2.5)的月均贡献为10 μg/m3,日均贡献高值区间为20～40 μg/m3. 我国人为源对东南亚的影响较小,对ρ(PM_2.5)月均贡献率在10%以内,主要集中在越南和东南亚南部沿海城市. 东南亚人为源对我国的影响也较小,ρ(PM_2.5)月均贡献在2 μg/m3以下. 研究显示,东南亚生物质燃烧对我国特别是西南地区产生的影响不可忽视.