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51.
Jimnez Begoa Merino Rubn Abad Esteban Rivera Josep Olie Kees 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(1):61-68
Background Species that are at high levels of the food web have often been used as bioindicators to evaluate the presence of persistent
contaminants in ecosystems. Most of these species are long-lived, so pollutant burdens may be integrated in some complex way
over time. This makes them particularly sensitive to deleterious effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Birds have
been suggested as useful organisms for monitoring pollutant levels. Traditionally such studies have been carried out with
raptors such as osprey (Pandion haliaetus), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), bald eagle (Haliaetus leucocephalus), etc. In this paper we present the results of a monitoring study conducted on two raptor species, osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and red kite (Milvus milvus), inhabiting a Mediterranean island (Menorca, Spain). These two species have different feeding habits; ospreys prey on fish
and red kites feed on terrestrial species. This study constitutes a good opportunity to investigate if differences in feeding
habits (aquatic vs. terrestrial) influences the contaminants pattern in two species inhabiting the same area.
Methods The study was conducted in a non-destructive way, using only failed eggs, to avoid the damage of the population stability.
Eggs were collected during the period 1994–2000. The contaminants examined were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs, including
DDT and its main metabolite, DDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), including ortho PCBs (PCBs with at least one Chlorine
atom in the ortho position): #28, 52, 95, 101, 123+149, 118, 114, 153, 132+105, 138, 167, 156, 157, 180, 170, 189, 194; and
non ortho PCBs (PCBs with no Chlorine atom in the ortho position): #77, 126, 169 and all the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) with Chlorine atoms at the 2,3,7 and 8 position (2,3,7,8-substituted
PCDDs and PCDFs). The analysis of organochlorine compounds was performed using a sample treatment based on a Solid Phase Matrix
Dispersion procedure. Ortho PCBs and DDTs were determined by HRGC-μECD; non ortho PCBs and PCDD/Fs were determined by HRGC-HRMS.
Results and Discussion The sum of the ortho PCB congeners analysed ranged from 0.94 to 15.03 μg/g wet weight (ww) for ospreys and from 1.0 to 11.2
μg/g ww for red kites. In both species, PCB congeners #153, #138 and #180 accounted about 75% to total ortho PCB concentrations.
Regarding non ortho PCBs, for ospreys, concentrations ranged from 0.16 to 1.39 ng/g wet weight (ww) and for red kites from
0.12 to 0.51 ng/g ww, being congener #126 the most abundant. Concerning DDTs, concentration for ospreys ranged from 0.07 to
1.03 μg/g ww; and for red kites ranged from 0.90 to 2.10 μg/g ww, representing DDE more than 95% of the total DDTs, which
proves a past use of DDT in the study area. Differences in contaminant levels between species are probably associated to feeding
habits. The fish-eating species presents the highest PCB levels, whereas the terrestrial species exhibits the highest DDT
levels. PCDD/Fs in ospreys were in the range 2.6–14.2 pg/g ww, while in red kites the range was slightly wider (22.2–43.2
pg/g ww), being PCDDs the major contributors in black kites. Ospreys had PCDDs similar to PCDF concentrations. PCDD/F profiles
were mostly influenced by OCDD in both species. Non ortho PCBs were the major contributors to calculated Toxic Equivalent
Quantity (TEQs) in both species.
Conclusion In both species studied, ortho-PCBs could represent a problem of concern since 57% of the eggs exhibited levels higher than
4 μg/g ww, reported as the level that could cause reduced hatchability, embryo mortality, and deformities in birds.
Recommendations and Outlook Results found in this study suggest that a more detailed study to clear up possible deleterious effects of PCBs on the bird
populations studied here should be done.
Section Editor: Prof. Dr. Paola Gramatica (paola.gramatica@uninsubria.it) 相似文献
52.
Francisco Javier Andrades Peña Manuel Larrán Jorge María José Muriel de Los Reyes 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2018,25(7):642-654
From an international view, several papers have analysed how sustainability themes are integrated into the university curricula. In Spain, few studies to date have examined the extent to which universities are incorporating sustainability themes into their curricula. In view of such considerations, this article examines the extent to which sustainability themes are being incorporated into the curricula of a Spanish public university strongly committed to signing sustainability policies and declarations. In addition, this study analyses the main barriers to the incorporation of sustainability themes into the curricula of this university. To accomplish this task, this article uses different methodological instruments over three phases through a case study approach. The findings of this study suggest how the university examined has many difficulties in incorporating, holistically or separately, sustainability themes in its formal courses despite having so many policies, regulations and a commitment to sustainability. 相似文献
53.
Typically, studies of the disturbance effect on metapopulation dynamics are limited to understanding the effect of habitat loss although, recently, the spatial pattern of the disturbance has been shown to influence dynamics. In this study, we used a stochastic patch-dynamic model to investigate the effects of spatial disturbance patterns on the persistence of an open woodland community of Juniperus spp. and Pinus spp. First, we estimated patch-occupancy dynamics by using the coefficients that best predicted the occupancy observed in 1998 based on occupancy data from 1957. Next, we evaluated the effects of the rate and pattern of the disturbance on the extinction probability. In modeling the disturbance, we considered (1) the degree of disturbance produced by scenarios of complete destruction or degradation (with the potential for recolonization), (2) the overall rate of disturbance, and (3) the spatial autocorrelation of habitat destruction. Twenty 40-year simulations predicted a 25% increase in the number of patches, and when 50% of the habitat was removed, the impact was more pronounced after complete destruction than it was after degradation of the area. Predictions based on scenarios of complete destruction, including random, contiguous, Brownian, and autoregressive noise, demonstrated that the impact of disturbance depends upon the spatial structure of the disturbance regimen. The autocorrelated structure of the disturbance regimen had the greatest impact on patch persistence. Patch-occupancy was higher after 20 40-year simulations when habitat loss was randomly distributed than when it followed an autocorrelated patch destruction, which was simulated using autoregressive noise to produce 50% habitat destruction. In addition, while habitat loss was negatively linearly correlated with patch persistence when habitat destruction was randomly distributed, a dramatic transition shift occurred when habitat destruction was simulated following an autoregressive spatial distribution after a certain threshold of habitat destruction (40% of the actual open woodland habitat). Our study suggests that the spatial patterns of the disturbance should be considered when predicting the consequences of fragmentation and improving management strategies. 相似文献
54.
This paper describes the environmental indicators GIS of the Catalan coast, Spain. The spatial data model is based on vector
and raster layers with three main modules: the biodiversity, the general biophysical and the socioeconomic. Presently, the
database has a number of pressure and impact indicators that have been used to model the components and structure of the system
and are suggested to build ecological resilience. Special interest has been given to the analysis of functional groups of
species that are relevant to the dynamics of the coastal system, and preliminary results are presented. This system constitutes
a user-oriented analytical and monitoring tool for coastal zone managers and researchers. Although, the system is under development
it is expected that resulting spatial indicators of environmental condition can be used to promote more sustainable coastal
strategies and actions in the Catalan coast. 相似文献
55.
Mercury exposure of the local population was assessed in two areas of the Almadén mercury mining district, Spain, which has been the world’s largest producer of this element. Two groups, who are exposed to different sources of mercury, from a point source in Almadén and a diffuse source hundreds of kilometres away in the same region, were studied. Total mercury (THg) in human hair ranged from 0.20 to 9.35 mg kg−1 and the mean value was 2.64 mg kg−1. About 87% of subjects had THg levels in excess of the EPA reference dose (RfD = 1.0 mg kg−1), while a high percentage (68%) of them live in Almadén. There was a clear increase in hair Hg with reported fish consumption and the highest mean hair mercury level was 4 times the RfD in a group who had reported the highest consumption of fish. For the whole group, there was a significant effect of age, gender and fish consumption in relation to Hg concentration in the hair. Nevertheless, when both groups were tested separately by means of a multivariate regression model, there was significant exposure in those living near the mine area. Several factors such as age, gender and fish consumption remained statistically significant and were associated with THg. The main conclusion is that people living close to the hot spot are more impacted by mercury than people living further away. The intake of Hg through consumption of fish is an important parameter for Hg exposure; however, in the case of people living close to the hot spot, their levels are related to the highly Hg-impacted living environment. 相似文献
56.
FERNANDO TOMÁS MAESTRE GIL 《Environmental management》2001,28(2):149-163
Local scale has an important role in environmental management. In Spain, rapid industrialization has occurred in the last
three decades, leading to substantial changes in socioeconomic relations and resulting in significant environmental degradation.
This paper describes the environmental status of the township of Sax (Alicante, in southeast Spain), which has passed from
agriculture to industrial manufacturing in 50 years. The human population has grown exponentially during the second half of
the 20th century, with a 91% increase from 1955 to 1995, coinciding with strong growth in manufacturing (factories increased
fivefold in the period 1955–1976) and important changes in the working population and land use. Illegal rubbish dumps, water
pollution, forest fires, erosion, and degradation of wildlife habitats are the main outcomes of these dramatic socioeconomic
and demographic changes. The administration has focused on the control of water pollution and waste management, while nongovernmental
organizations have concentrated on the prevention of forest fires and the development of environmental education programs.
These measures are insufficient to manage current environmental degradation, and an environmental management plan for the
study area is discussed. Increasing effort in waste management and industrial wastewater control, changes in land-use policy,
and the creation of an advisory committee to increase public participation in decision-making have been identified as environmental
target objectives for the coming years. 相似文献
57.
Montserrat Badia‐Vila Marta Ociepa Rafael Mateo Raimon Guitart 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):201-210
Abstract Commercially available butter from Spain (n=36) and from other European countries (n=20) has been analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography with an electron capture detector for organochlorine contaminants. The results showed that both groups of samples have a similar pattern of these pollutants, but in all cases where significant differences in concentrations were found, Spanish samples presented higher values. This was especially notable for lindane (median values 11.6 vs. 3.0 ng/g wet weight), hexachlorobenzene (6.4 vs. 0.5) and ß‐hexachlorocyclohexane (3.1 vs. 1.2). Total PCBs showed no differences (5.4 vs. 6.6), but detailed analysis of congener composition indicated a higher presence in Spanish samples of the most persistent chlorinated PCBs. No sample presented levels of concern for any single organochlorine compound. It is interesting to note that consumption of butter in Spain is low so, although levels of organochlorines are higher than those found in other countries, consumers are less exposed through this foodstuff than in other European countries. These results also confirm the fact that environmental pollution by organochlorines is more important in Spain than in the rest of Europe. 相似文献
58.
Zabalza J Ogulei D Elustondo D Santamaría JM Alastuey A Querol X Hopke PK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,134(1-3):137-151
An ambient air quality study was undertaken in two cities (Pamplona and Alsasua) of the Province of Navarre in northern Spain
from July 2001 to June 2004. The data were obtained from two urban monitoring sites. At both monitoring sites, ambient levels
of ozone, NOx, and SO2 were measured. Simultaneously with levels of PM10 measured at Alsasua (using a laser particle counter), PM10 levels were also determined at Pamplona (using a beta attenuation monitor). Mean annual PM10 concentrations in Pamplona and Alsasua reached 30 and 28 μg m−3, respectively. These concentrations are typical for urban background sites in Northern Spain. By using meteorological information
and back trajectories, it was found that the number of exceedances of the daily PM10 limit as well as the PM10 temporal variation was highly influenced by air masses from North Africa. Although North African transport was observed on
only 9% of the days, it contributed the highest observed PM10 levels. Transport from the Atlantic Ocean was observed on 68% of the days; transport from Europe on 13%; low transport and
local influences on 7%; and transport from the Mediterranean region on 3% of the days. The mean O3 concentrations were 45 and 55 μg m−3 in Pamplona and Alsasua, respectively, which were above the values reported for the main Spanish cities. The mean NO and
NO2 levels were very similar in both sites (12 and 26 μg m−3, respectively). Mean SO2 levels were 8 μg m−3 in Pamplona and 5 μg m−3 in Alsasua. Hourly levels of PM10, NO and NO2 showed similar variations with the typically two coincident maximums during traffic rush hours demonstrating a major anthropogenic
origin of PM10, in spite of the sporadic dust outbreaks. 相似文献
59.
Qualifying irrigation system sustainability by means of stakeholder perceptions and concerns: lessons from the Segarra‐Garrigues Canal,Spain
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When planning interventions, water and land resource managers increasingly need to take the opinions of stakeholders into account. In the present study, stakeholders’ concerns in a multifunctional water system are assessed, with a focus on the debate about the sustainability of irrigation projects in stressed and competing water contexts. The selected case study pertains to the Segarra‐Garrigues irrigation canal (Spain), the promotion of which has generated social debate and mobilization, as well as pronouncements from European authorities for ensuring its environmental sustainability. Data was collected through semi‐structured interviews and analysed by means of a new codification system for identifying the affinities and conflicts arising from existing water demands. Results show that sustainability concepts are more present in civil society than in public administration and private services or the rural community. However, social sustainability and environmental sustainability are a priority for most stakeholders, while the economic perspective of sustainable development has been conditioned by the first two. These results can be used by relevant authorities as a first step in customizing their interventions, as they provide a clear initial idea of what stakeholder priorities are in the framework of sustainable development. 相似文献
60.
Long-term environmental monitoring of persistent organic pollutants and metals in a chemical/petrochemical area: human health risks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nadal M Schuhmacher M Domingo JL 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(7):1769-1777
Organic pollutants such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as some metals are periodically monitored in soil and vegetation samples collected in Tarragona County (Spain). We here report the temporal trends of the concentrations of the above pollutants between the initial survey (2002) and that recently (2009) performed. The area under evaluation was divided into 4 sections (chemical, petrochemical, urban/residential and unpolluted). In general terms, urban soils presented the highest concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCNs and PAHs, confirming that traffic is a very important emission source of these pollutants. In addition, substantially higher levels of PAHs and some metals were found in vegetation samples from the petrochemical complex. The assessment of health risks of these contaminants indicated that the current concentrations of micropollutants did not mean additional non-carcinogenic or cancer risks for the population living in the zone. 相似文献