三峡水库水环境中内分泌干扰物TBT的多介质迁移和归趋模拟

运用环境多介质QWASI等量浓度模型模拟了三峡水库水环境中内分泌干扰物TBT在各环境介质中的浓度分布及迁移归趋,同时讨论了三峡水库运行方式对库区水环境中TBT环境行为的影响.结果表明,QWASI模型能够较为合理地给出各个物理化学过程的速率参数,可对TBT在三峡水库这种超大型河道型水库中跨介质间的迁移传输、各环境相分布等作出定性和定量的模拟估计,模型输出结果与实测结果较为吻合.研究表明,三峡水库的运行方式对TBT在库区水环境中沉积物和水相间的迁移转化有重要影响.     

富营养化饮用水源地山仔水库限制性营养元素研究

世界范围内关于水体富营养化的研究表明,流域尺度上营养盐的控制和削减是修复富营养化水体的关键措施,甄别水体限制性营养元素进而采取相应的控制措施是修复富营养化水体的有效途径.本文在时空格局上分析了富营养化饮用水源地山仔水库的限制性营养元素.结果表明,2003—2012年,山仔水库初级生产力的关键限制性营养元素为磷.秋、冬、春季,水体总磷浓度在0.02~0.09 mg·L-1左右,TN/TP原子比值在35~72之间,表明TP浓度相对低,磷为限制性营养元素;夏季表层水TP浓度在0.06~0.13 mg·L-1左右,TN/TP原子比值在11~13之间,表层水溶解性磷的浓度较低,磷主要蓄积在藻细胞内,由于温跃层的存在,底层释放的磷无法向表层水补给,故溶解态磷相对缺乏.总之季节变化对磷的限制性作用有显著影响.通过对山仔水库2003—2012年水体TP浓度和叶绿素a浓度相关性分析得出,修复水体需要控制的TP浓度阈值为0.028 mg·L-1.根据上述结果综合分析了已采取修复措施的效果,从而进一步提出了山仔水库富营养化的修复策略.     

沈阳辉山水库水质污染现状分析及评价

根据《地表水环境质量评价办法》中规定的方法,对沈阳辉山水库进行了水质和富营养化状态评价,并对污染源和水质污染特性进行了分析。结果显示:水库水质类别为劣Ⅴ类,水质状况为重度污染。富营养化综合营养状态指数为34.44,辉山水库水质为中营养化水平,水库没有藻类水华的产生。水库主要污染指标为总磷、总氮和悬浮物,分别超出国家地表水Ⅲ类标准的14.2倍、5.85倍和2.72倍。整个库区水质变化不均匀,水质变化受库区沿岸污染物排放影响较大,辉山明渠上游和某工厂暗渠排污口输入是水库主要污染源,库区周围动迁后的荒地和蚯蚓养殖,是辉山水库地面径流和农业污染污染源。     

三峡库区香溪河消落带及库岸土壤重金属迁移特征及来源分析

在测定香溪河消落带(海拔145~175 m)和库岸(海拔175~185 m)土壤重金属含量的基础上,分析重金属的迁移特征,运用地累积指数进行污染评价,同时采用因子分析-多元线性回归(FA-MLR)分析重金属的来源和各来源的贡献比率.结果表明,2012年落干时段内(6~9月),香溪河库岸上层和下层土壤重金属含量都在减少,消落带重金属含量上层土壤减少,下层土壤增多;库岸重金属向消落带迁移,消落带重金属向下层积累.重金属污染级别是Cd>Pb>Cu>Cr,主要风险元素为Cd,各重金属污染程度评价等级都在中等以下.FA-MLR分析表明,消落带75.60%的Pb来源于交通运输,62.03%的Cd来源于农业,64.71%的Cu和75.36%的Cr来源于天然矿石.在库岸,82.26%的Pb来源于交通运输,68.63%的Cd来源于农业,65.72%的Cu和69.33%的Cr来源于天然矿石.FA-MLR成功地模拟了香溪河消落带和库岸土壤重金属的来源,并给出各来源的贡献率;同时揭示了重金属的迁移特征,能为香溪河流域重金属污染防治提供有益参考.     

三峡库区库中干流及支流水体夏季二氧化碳分压及扩散通量

以三峡库区库中干流以及主要支流——梅溪河为研究区,于2013年5月对该区域水体中溶解二氧化碳分压(pCO2)进行了走航观测.结果表明,夏季梅溪河表层pCO2为6.8~7.5 Pa,三峡库区库中长江干流表层pCO2为201.4~210.2 Pa.在库区干、支流交汇的过渡区水体剖面上,表层水体pCO2最低为53.5 Pa,随着水深增加,pCO2急剧增大,在3 m处达到约210Pa后基本保持不变.通过计算,库区支流梅溪河和库区干流表层水体的CO2释放通量分别为-7.48 mmol·(m2·d)-1和39.58 mmol·(m2·d)-1.结果表明,库区支流梅溪河表现为大气中CO2的"汇",而库区干流表现为CO2的"源",库区干、支流水体在CO2的释放上有显著差异.     

三峡库区消落带3种植物淹水后汞的动态变化及其对水体的影响

被淹没的植物是水库甲基汞异常升高的来源之一.为探寻淹水条件下三峡水库消落带植物中汞的动态变化特征及其对水体的影响,通过室内模拟试验,研究淹水条件下稗草、狗牙根、玉米秸秆中汞含量变化及其向水体释汞情况.结果表明,3种植物总汞含量范围为9.21~12.07 ng·g-1,甲基汞占总汞的质量分数约为1%~2%.淹水后,植物总汞含量逐渐降低,其降幅为35.81%~55.96%;而上覆水溶解态汞(DHg)浓度迅速上升,增幅为103.23%~232.15%,说明植物腐烂分解会向水体释放汞.淹水环境为植物体组织内甲基化提供了充裕条件,导致植物残体甲基汞含量升高,为初始含量的3.04~6.63倍,而上覆水溶解态甲基汞(DMe Hg)浓度也显著升高,为初始浓度的14.84~16.05倍.淹水期间,上覆水中DMe Hg与溶解氧(DO)浓度表现为极显著负相关,与可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度存在显著正相关.而在整个淹水过程中,上覆水DHg浓度变化量为植物总汞释放量的41.74%~47.01%,且各植物残体总汞含量与上覆水DHg浓度存在极显著负相关.     

Optimal nonpoint source pollution control strategies for a reservoir watershed in Taiwan

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for optimal nonpoint source pollution control for the Fei-Tsui Reservoir watershed in Northern Taiwan. Several structural best management practices (BMPs) are selected to treat stormwater runoff. The complete model consists of two interacting components: an optimization model based on discrete differential dynamic programming (DDDP) and a zero-dimensional reservoir water quality model. A predefined procedure is used to locate suitable sites for construction of various selected BMPs in the watershed. In the optimization model, the objective function is to find the best combination of BMP type and placement, which minimizes the total construction and operation, maintenance, and repair (OMR) costs of the BMPs. The constraints are the water quality standards for total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in the reservoir. A zero-dimensional reservoir water quality model of the Vollenweider type is embedded in the optimization framework to simulate pollutant concentrations in Fei-Tsui Reservoir. The resulting optimal cost and benefit of water quality improvement are depicted by the model-derived trade-off curves. The modeling framework developed in the present study could be used as an efficient tool for planning a watershed-wide implementation of BMPs for mitigating stormwater pollution impact on the receiving water bodies.     

Early Vegetation Development on an Exposed Reservoir: Implications for Dam Removal

The 4-year drawdown of Horsetooth Reservoir, Colorado, for dam maintenance, provides a case study analog of vegetation response on sediment that might be exposed from removal of a tall dam. Early vegetation recovery on the exposed reservoir bottom was a combination of (1) vegetation colonization on bare, moist substrates typical of riparian zones and reservoir sediment of shallow dams and (2) a shift in moisture status from mesic to the xeric conditions associated with the pre-impoundment upland position of most of the drawdown zone. Plant communities changed rapidly during the first four years of exposure, but were still substantially different from the background upland plant community. Predictions from the recruitment box model about the locations of Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera (plains cottonwood) seedlings relative to the water surface were qualitatively confirmed with respect to optimum locations. However, the extreme vertical range of water surface elevations produced cottonwood seed regeneration well outside the predicted limits of drawdown rate and height above late summer stage. The establishment and survival of cottonwood at high elevations and the differences between the upland plant community and the community that had developed after four years of exposure suggest that vegetation recovery following tall dam removal will follow a trajectory very different from a simple reversal of the response to dam construction, involving not only long time scales of establishment and growth of upland vegetation, but also possibly decades of persistence of legacy vegetation established during the reservoir to upland transition.     

黑龙滩水库水体生态系统酶活力及其生态学意义研究

本文黑龙滩水库水体生态系统中脲酶与磷酸酶活力及其与多种水质参数之间的关系进行了研究，结果表明：（１）酶活力与水质，水温变化呈出现一致的动态变化规律。（２）黑龙滩水库水体中脲酶来源与水生生物关系不大，而磷酸酶主要来自浮游植物和水生细菌。（３）水体中脲酶活力受水中总氮浓度瓣影响，而磷酸酶活力不受水中磷酸盐的抑制。     

三峡库区扩种龙眼荔枝的适宜性分析

荔枝与龙眼系亚热带水果,集中分布于闽粤两省,三峡库区上段河谷两侧也有零星分布,是该类水果分布的最北界。这类水果在训区栽培始于汉唐时代,并被列为贡品荔枝与龙眼系喜温性水果,库区栽培间冻害发生,成为限制扩大栽培的主要因素,故多分布于万县－重庆江段两海拔２００ｍ上下地段,水库蓄水后,原栽培区部分被淹没,但水体有增温作用,为扩大栽培提供了有利的条件。研究了万县－重庆沿江两岸河谷地段与非河谷地段适宜载种范围