三峡水库蓄水后不同水位期干流氮、磷时空分异特征

研究三峡水库蓄水前后营养盐的变化,对于探讨水库运行对其的影响并提出合理的管理建议具有重要意义.依据2008年3月～2009年2月对长江干流三峡区段朱沱、寸滩、扇沱、清溪场、晒网坝、培石,共6个断面和其中1个垂直断面逐月水文、水质监测,按照三峡水库运行的水位特点,将数据样本分成高水位(10～2月)和低水位(3～9月)2个...     

模拟三峡库区消落带土壤有机磷酸酯淹水释放特征

本研究以三峡库区消落带典型土壤作为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,探讨了有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的含量、环境温度、土壤有机质含量、微生物因素的变化对土壤中常见OPEs单体迁移释放的影响.结果表明,土壤中OPEs含量越低,其迁移释放量越低;有机质含量升高,土壤向上覆水释放的OPEs减少,预示土壤添加有机质后对OPEs的释放产生了一定的抑制作用,有机质对OPEs的吸附起主要作用,但当有机质含量(以干重计)高于30 g·kg~(-1)时,对OPEs释放的抑制作用并未显著增强;在环境温度为27℃时,三类OPEs的平均释放量为1 077. 3 ng·m L~(-1),高于7℃的释放量,说明高温对OPEs的释放起促进作用.微生物对其作用并不明显.氯类的OPEs包括磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP)、磷酸三(1-氯-2-丙基)酯(TCPP)和磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯(TDCP)为最主要的释放单体,主要原因可能是氯类OPEs的辛醇水分配系数(Kow值)和有机碳分配系数(Koc值)比烷烃类和芳烃类OPEs低,更易溶于水体,不易被土壤中的有机质吸附,因此氯类OPEs更易从土壤中迁移释放到上覆水中,成为三峡库区上覆水中主要的OPEs单体.     

春季敏感时期三峡水库典型支流沉积物-水界面氮释放特性

为研究春季敏感时期三峡水库典型支流沉积物-水界面氮释放特性,于2016年4月采集香溪河库湾上覆水和沉积物样品,分析香溪河库湾沉积物-水系统不同氮形态营养盐浓度的分布特征,计算沉积物-水界面不同氮形态的扩散通量并与环境因子进行相关性分析.结果表明,香溪河库湾上覆水和沉积物间隙水中ρ(TN)的变化范围分别为1.10~6.90 mg·L-1和6.19~32.57 mg·L-1;上覆水和沉积物间隙水中氮质量浓度在沿程和垂向上有一定的变化规律:各采样点上覆水中氮质量浓度在沿程和垂向上没有明显的变化趋势,上游区域的沉积物间隙水中氮质量浓度明显大于下游区域,沉积物间隙水ρ(NH_4~+-N)明显大于上覆水,沉积物间隙水ρ(NO-3-N)略小于上覆水;香溪河沉积物总体上表现为NH_4~+-N的"源",NO-3-N的"汇";NH_4~+-N的扩散通量范围为2.70~4.72 mg·(m2·d)-1;NO-3-N的释放通量范围为-1.61~-0.62 mg·(m2·d)-1;香溪河库湾沉积物氮主要以铵态氮的形态存在:沉积物中ρ(NH_4~+-N)范围为69.97~1 185.97 mg·kg-1,ρ(NO-3-N)范围为2.78~38.17mg·kg-1,沉积物ρ(NH_4~+-N)与沉积物间隙水ρ(NH_4~+-N)在表层0~8 cm的变化趋势一致.     

Water level fluctuations influence microbial communities and mercury methylation in soils in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Reservoirs tend to have enhanced methylmercury(MeHg) concentrations compared to natural lakes and rivers, and water level fluctuations can promote MeHg production. Until now, little research has been conducted on the effects of microorganisms in soils for the formation of MeHg during different drying and flooding alternating conditions in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR). This study aimed to understand how water level fluctuations affect soil microbial composition and mercury concentrations, and if such microbial variations are related to Hg methylation. The results showed that MeHg concentrations and the ratios of MeHg to THg(MeHg%) in soils were higher in the seasonally drying and flooding alternating areas(DFAs, 175–155 m) than those in the non-inundated(NIAs, 175 m) and inundated areas(IAs, 145 m). However, MeHg% in all samples was less than 1%, indicating that the Hg methylation activity in the soils of the TGR was under a low level. 454 highthroughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA gene amplicons showed that soil bacterial abundance and diversity were relatively higher in DFA compared to those in NIA and IA, and microbial community composition varied in these three areas. At the family level, those groups in Deltaproteobacteria and Methanomicrobia that might have many Hg methylators were also showed a higher relative abundance in DFA, which might be the reason for the higher MeHg production in these areas. Overall, our results suggested that seasonally water level fluctuations can enhance the microbial abundance and diversity, as well as MeHg production in the TGR.     

铁岭市柴河水源供水工程对柴河水库功能影响研究

本文对供水工程实施后对水库功能的环境影响进行了分析,提出了相应的环境保护对策,对柴河水库水质的保护起到了一定的积极作用。     

Distribution, sources and potential toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in Guanting Reservoir sediments, China

The Guanting Reservoir lost its function as the second biggest drinking water source for Beijing due to the pollutions from the upstream flow of Yongding River in 1997. From 1998, lots of studies were carryied out to renew the function of Guanting Reservoir as domestic drinking water source before 2008 Olympic Games. This is the first time that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in the surface sediment of Guanting Reservoir have been analyzed. A distinctive spatial distribution of PAHs was observed. Sediments from four sites along Inlet of Yongding River to reservoir bam had PAHs concentrations of 1377--2855 μg/g dw in descending order. The composition of PAHs is investigated and used to assess patrogenic,combustion and naturally derived of the sediments samples of Guanting Reservoir. Special PAHs ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene(P/A) and fluoranthene/pyrene(Fl/Pyr) were calculated to assess the relative importance of different origins. The data confirmed a relatively high level of petrogenic contamination in four sites. These high PAHs levels were associated with the input of untreated and partially treated industrial sewage. In addition, the concentrations of PAHs compounds of samples indicated that sediments of reservoir were most likely to pose potential biological impairment.     

三峡水库干流氮和磷含量的季节变化

三峡水库成库后对6个水平断面、4个垂直断面采样分析,对水体水质参数、不同化学形态N以及不同物理形态P的水平分布和垂直分布进行了研究。研究结果表明,成库后TP、NH3-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、IN含量范围分别在0.06～0.34、0.01～0.72、0.002～0.100、0.76～2.09、0.855～2.52 mg/L。TP分布为丰水期>平水期>枯水期,受悬浮物沉降的影响,TP在水库区域含量低于上游区。枯水期、平水期水体中TP以可溶解态为主,丰水期以颗粒态为主。NO2--N、NO3--N、IN含量均为平水期>枯水期>丰水期。水体中IN以NO3--N为主,占IN70%～90%。NO2--N比例最低,占IN3.5%以下。表明水体虽受成库影响流速减缓,但水体依然有较强的自净能力。垂直分布上,TP、IN在3个层次变化不显著,未出现分层现象。各采样站点TP、NO3--N、IN通量和流量有显著相关。     

大气氮沉降对三峡库区消落带土壤呼吸的影响

以三峡库区消落带落干期土壤为研究对象,采用室内模拟培养的方法,探讨了大气氮沉降通量及其组成对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,土壤呼吸速率对氮添加的响应为短期效应.1倍当前大气氮沉降添加下,无机氮和有机氮对土壤累积CO₂释放分别表现为无影响和抑制作用.除NH₄⁺-N在2倍氮沉降添加下表现为抑制作用外,2、3倍氮沉降添加均促进了土壤累积CO₂释放.与硝态氮相比,2、3倍氮沉降添加的铵态氮对土壤累积CO₂释放具有抑制作用.     

中小流域综合水质模型系列的建立

根据中小流域的水文特点和实际要求，建立了综合水质模型系列、将河流、水库和非点源污染模型有机结合在一起，并对河流水模型加以改进，增加了模拟ＣＯＤ和底泥泛起功能，完成了保护水源地的决策性水质模型，模拟和计算了非点源污染随降雨径流进入水体的过程，利用本模型系列可对流域进行优化管理。     

三峡水库支流汝溪河河口水体汞的时空变化特征

为探究三峡水库水位调度过程中支流河口汞的变化特征,选取三峡库区腹心地带的典型支流汝溪河河口为研究区域,设置4个断面,分别于蓄水期(9～10月)、淹没期(11～12月)、退水期(2～3月)及落干期(5～6月)这4个时期分层采集水样,分析了水样中的总汞(THg)、颗粒态汞(PHg)、溶解态汞(DHg)、活性汞(RHg)、总甲基汞(TMeHg)及溶解态甲基汞(DMeHg).结果表明,汝溪河口区域THg和TMeHg的质量浓度与中国其它水库或天然水体相接近.不同深度水体中DHg和TMeHg的质量浓度存在显著性差别,其原因是水体中的DHg和TMeHg可能来源于沉积物的再悬浮.对比同时期不同断面各形态汞质量浓度的差别,发现蓄水期长江干流来水方向的不同将导致河口区域THg和PHg的质量浓度分布不均;退水期河口水体中的颗粒物会吸附并携带大量的PHg,导致水体中THg的质量浓度明显高于其它时期.水位较为稳定的淹没期和落干期TMeHg的质量浓度明显高于其它两个时期,表明稳定的水位可能更有利于水体中甲基汞的积累,而水体的剧烈扰动会明显降低水体中TMeHg的质量浓度.