浅论全民环境教育的特点

在简述我国环境教育现状的基础上,提出环境教育应突出全民特点,并着重阐述了开展全民环境教育的意义、途径和主要内容。     

冷摆辗组合凹模的设计计算

模具寿命是冷摆辗的关键问题之一,增加模具强度就能显著地提高模具寿命.目前国内外都采用组合凹模来增加模具强度.此文针对摆动辗压设备的结构特点,应用弹性力学的厚壁圆筒理论以及结构力学的最大剪应力强度理论,对冷摆辗组合凹模的优化设计进行了探讨.     

长江流域生态环境保护与水灾防治

长期以来，洪水威胁着长江流域人民的生命安全，根治水患已是当务之急。而生态环境的破坏是造成水灾的最重要的因素。在探讨生态恶化与水灾的关系之后，提出只有保护生态环境才能从根本上战胜水患的观点，而保护生态环境应走可持续发展的道路。针对水灾防治和生态保护提出了一系列的措施，包括：封山育林、退耕还湖、控制污染物排放、发展生态旅游、西水北调、控制人口与移民等。     

聚合氯化铝和改性聚合氯化铝中铝形态分布研究

利用Al-Ferron络合比色法研究实验室合成的聚合氯化铝和改性聚合氯化铝的铝形态分布,并对其合成工艺进行改进.聚合氯化铝合成条件为铝离子初始浓度为1 mol/L,物料比11,反应温度为60℃,熟化温度为60℃～65℃.合成改性聚合氯化铝适宜条件是Al/Si在0.7～1之间,聚硅酸聚合时间为90 min,模数为2的水玻璃.     

Distribution and contamination of metals and biogenic elements in sediments from Zhifu Bay of the Yellow Sea, China

Metals and biogenic elements were analyzed from surface sediments of sixteen stations and a 32 cm core collected from Zhifu Bay in July 2009. High concentrations of biogenic silica (BSi) reflected the high diatom productivity in the Bay. Meanwhile, total organic carbon (TOC) in Zhifu Bay was mainly from terrestrial sources. All metals were lower than the marine sediment quality guidelines. Based on the vertical profiles of biogenic elements, there was a clear increase of TOC, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphate (TP) between 1985 and 2000. TN concentrations decreased after the start of the operation of the sewage treatment plant in 1998; however TOC and BSi remained at high levels. Metal concentrations showed a general increase from the bottom to the top of the core. Most anthropogenic metals reached a maximum during 1996 and 2000, and decreased after the startup of the sewage plant; however, they have increased again recently. The results from correlation analysis and principal component analysis show that industrial pollution is the main source of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn contamination in Zhifu Bay, and Yantai Port and ship transportation also contribute a lot to Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb pollution.     

济南市“十三五”环境保护所面临的形势研究

随着我国经济发展进入新常态,"十三五"期间的环境保护工作也进入新阶段,为准确制定济南市"十三五"环境保护规划,文章对济南市经济总体发展情况,农业、工业和服务业发展情况,以及能源消费情况等方面进行了全面分析和预测,对"十三五"期间济南市环境保护工作面临的问题进行了识别,以期对济南市"十三五"环境保护所面临的形式做出全面准确的研判。     

The concept of the Portuguese National Ecological Reserve: constraints and impossibilities in the Azores Archipelago

The biophysical features of small islands (SI) distinguish them from other territories; isolation, small size and several anthropogenic pressures reduce the resilience of ecosystems and increase their vulnerability to global changes. Many SI have a shortage of infrastructures, institutions and technical/financial resources that hinder planning and require different integrated solutions. In Portugal, the National Ecological Reserve (NER) is legally binding for spatial planning instruments. It aims to defend natural values and areas of ecological value, or sensibility, or susceptible to natural hazards. However, the criteria for the design of NER are strictly set for mainland territory, not taking into account specific features of small islands. A case study of the Azores Archipelago is used to demonstrate that spatial planning instruments should be adapted to island contexts. Such adaptation will increase the effectiveness of their implementation in relation to the protection of natural resources, stability of biophysical structures and prevention of natural hazards. Observing the main differences between mainland and the Azores Archipelago it is possible to define a methodological transposition of the NER aims and goals into an island context. This approach is an answer to the constraints in effective adaptation of spatial planning instruments for islands.     

Vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau in China

Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties based on aircraft measurements over the Loess Plateau were measured for the first time during a summertime aircraft campaign, 2013 in Shanxi, China. Data from four flights were analyzed. The vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties including aerosol scattering coefficients (σ_sc), absorption coefficients (σ_ab), Angström exponent (α), single scattering albedo (ω), backscattering ratio (β_sc), aerosol mass scattering proficiency (Q_sc) and aerosol surface scattering proficiency (Q_sc^′) were obtained. The mean statistical values of σ_sc were 77.45 Mm^− 1 (at 450 nm), 50.72 Mm^− 1 (at 550 nm), and 32.02 Mm^− 1 (at 700 nm). The mean value of σ_ab was 7.62 Mm^− 1 (at 550 nm). The mean values of α, β_sc and ω were 1.93, 0.15, and 0.91, respectively. Aerosol concentration decreased with altitude. Most effective diameters (ED) of aerosols were less than 0.8 μm. The vertical profiles of σ_sc,, α, β_sc, Q_sc and Q_sc^′ showed that the aerosol scattering properties at lower levels contributed the most to the total aerosol radiative forcing. Both α and β_sc had relatively large values, suggesting that most aerosols in the observational region were small particles. The mean values of σ_sc, α, β_sc, Q_sc, Q_sc^′, σ_ab and ω at different height ranges showed that most of the parameters decreased with altitude. The forty-eight hour backward trajectories of air masses during the observation days indicated that the majority of aerosols in the lower level contributed the most to the total aerosol loading, and most of these particles originated from local or regional pollution emissions.     

长江流域沉积物中黑碳分布及其与多环芳烃的相关性研究

本文采用CTO-375法测定了长江流域主流及直流20个表层沉积物中黑碳的含量,探讨了沉积物中黑碳与粒度、总有机碳以及多环芳烃之间的关系。结果表明,长江流域沉积物中黑碳的含量范围在0.22~1.89mg/g之间,与粘土、粉砂及砂含量之间的相关性并不明显,说明粒度组成并不是控制BC分布的主要因素。BC与TOC之间的显著正相关性,表明BC与TOC有相似的来源,如人类活动、土壤流失。沉积物中BC与PAHs有较好的相关性,表明二者之间有相似的来源,同时也表明PAHs在研究区域沉积物中吸附主要由BC控制,这为研究多环芳烃在长江流域的环境归趋与影响因素等提供了新的信息。