Tests of soil organic carbon density modeled by InTEC in China's forest ecosystems

The integrated terrestrial ecosystem C-budget model (InTEC) developed by Chen and co-workers has been used successfully to predict carbon dynamics of forests in Canada. It was tested here for forest soil organic carbon (SOC) density of China's northern temperate zone and southern subtropical zone. The results show that the simulated SOC density is highly correlated and in broad agreement with observations in Liping and in Changbaishan, representing the southern subtropical zone and the northern temperate zone in China, respectively. SOC density ranged from 2.2 to 11.2 kg/m(2) in Liping and from 3.4 to 14.8 kg/m(2) in Changbaishan. The correlation coefficients (r(2)) are 0.63 (N=16) and 0.76 (N=14) between the simulated and measured data in Liping and Changbaishan, respectively. The SOC densities under different vegetation types in Liping decrease in the order of mixed forest, broadleaf forest, Chinese fir, couch grass, and Chinese redpine, and in Changbaishan in the order of mixed forest, silver fir, larch forest, and birch forest.     

Who should do what in environmental management? Twelve principles for allocating responsibilities

In environmental management there is often discussion on the allocation of responsibilities. Such discussions can continue for a long time and can form an obstacle for effective action. In this article twelve normative principles for the allocation of responsibilities are identified, coming from three different sources: the arguments used in discussions on responsibilities, Dutch and European law, and the environmental management literature. The principles are (1) capacity, (2) lowest social costs, (3) causation, (4) interest, (5) scale, (6) subsidiarity, (7) structural integration, (8) separation, (9) solidarity, (10) transparency, (11) stability (but not standstill), and (12) acquired rights. These principles point to fundamental tensions in environmental management and sometimes conflict with each other. At the same time they may help to resolve conflicts by providing common points of reference that are independent from the often conflicting interests of the discussants.     

自适应滤波法在洪水预测中的应用

尝试用时间序列分析中的自适应滤波法对江河灾害性洪水进行预测，认为加权因子个数和自适应常数的确定是关键。以荆江沙市站１９５０～１９９５年的年最高水位资料为研究对象，借助计算机编程与计算，确定了最优加权因子个数和自适应常数，建立了适合于该站未来年最高水位的预测模型。预测结果与误差分析表明，自适应滤波法用于江河洪水预测是可行的。     

黄河下游泥沙灾害初步研究

基于黄河下游对泥沙运动与泥沙灾害发生的关系问题进行了分析。认为下游泥沙灾害类型主要包括洪水、河岸侵蚀、土地沙化、水涝和土地盐碱化, 并认为改造下游泥沙灾害环境应通过改变泥沙堆积分布入手。     

REGIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT BY THE GENERALIZED REDUCED GRADIENT METHOD1

ABSTRACT: A river basin-wide water quality management system is considered. The river receives thermal as well as organic wastes. At-source treatment of these pollutants is imposed to control the basin-wide water quality. The related water quality standards are: the minimum DO concentration, the maximum allowable BOD concentration, the maximum allowable stream temperature, and the allowable rise in stream temperature. The general dynamic mathematical model representing water quality in streams and the thermal effects on BOD and DO concentrations is presented. The model is highly nonlinear in nature. The optimal management problem involving the model is solved by a recently developed nonlinear propgramming technique - the generalized reduced gradient (GRG) method. Comparison of results obtained by the GRG method vs. dynamic programming, and of results using a more realistic mathematical model vs. a simple model are presented. The analysis procedure can be applied to designing new and examining existing water quality programs, and to study the influence of alternate policies and constraints.     

三峡库区中小城镇城市降雨径流污染特征及现状研究

本研究采用从微观到宏观，在库区沿岸城镇诸多相关因素相似前提下，选择涪陵市为典型试验区；从水文因素，街道地表物累积冲刷规律研究着手，建立累积、冲刷计算模式，计算出涪陵市年降雨径流污染负荷和库区污染荷载因子，同时选择具有代表性的集水闭合小区进行水质、水量同步观测试验进行验证；确定外推因子，计算三峡库区城市降雨径流年冲刷入长江的总固体，ＳＳ，ＢＯＤ５，ＣＯＤ，Ｔ－Ｎ，Ｔ－Ｐ３量分别为５３９６８吨，３８０     

城市地铁安全施工第三方监测的研究与实施

实施城市地铁施工第三方监测是保证施工安全和工程质量十分重要的举措 ,有效地避免了施工过程中可能发生的事故。笔者以深圳地铁一期工程为例 ,详细阐述该工程中实施第三方监测的内容、第三方监测分析管理信息系统的研究和开发 ,包括地铁施工过程中对线路及沿线两侧建筑物倾斜和沉降、道路及各种管线沉降、土体位移、水位变化、桥梁墩台位移、隧道收敛及拱顶下沉等进行及时的监测、分析和信息反馈 ,从地铁工程第三方监测分析管理信息系统的内容、主要功能、系统结构等方面论述该系统的设计及开发。第三方监测及其管理的信息化 ,对全国其他城市的地铁施工安全 ,具有借鉴作用。     

试析《水法》下的水资源统一管理

水是关系社会可持续发展的重要资源,但是我国水管理的弊端造成水资源状况不容乐观。针对这一情况,2002年《水法》的修改重点之一是加强了水资源统一管理。本文从统一管理的必要性出发,分析了《水法》有关水资源统一管理的规定,并指出了有待完善之处。     

山东沿海的9216号台风暴潮灾害

在１９９２年第１６号强热带风暴和天文大潮的作用下，山东沿海发生了特大风暴潮灾害，直接经济损失４３．５亿元，死亡７６人；砂质海岸遭受强烈侵蚀，损失土地约１４５．３ｈａ。     

煤与瓦斯突出延期发生的原因探讨──“球壳失稳”假说的解释性研究之一

依据球壳失稳假说的原理对煤与瓦斯突出延期发生的原因进行了探讨，并且针对延期突出的危害和特点提出了相应的对策。