INLET CONCENTRATION TIME NOMOGRAM FOR URBAN BASINS1

ABSTRACT: A physically-based nomogram to determine inlet concentration times for composite developed basins is presented. This nomogram is constructed from previously derived kinematic wave formulations of both catchment and gutter flow components of surface runoff. With specified physical properties of a basin and rainfall intensity-duration relationships, the inlet time can be obtained from the nomogram directly.     

沉淀池的数值模拟

运用计算流体力学软件FLUENT模拟了平流式沉淀池在不同进水口高度,进水挡板位置,颗粒密度和圆弧形扰流板位置下的流场、悬浮物的浓度场。从模拟结果的分析比较可以看出,在一定范围内改变沉淀池的进水口高度,对沉淀池的去除效果没有影响。挡板的淹没深度和颗粒的密度则对悬浮物的去除效率影响较大。挡板的水平位置只在一定范围内变化才能使沉淀池保持较为理想的去除效率。圆弧形扰流板的加设可以改变沉淀池内流态不均的现象,从而提高沉淀池的运行效率。     

Estuarine surface water allocation: A case study on the interactive role of science in support of management

The inevitable need for freshwater to support the projected population growth along the ocean coast is an emerging issue of potential consequence to adjacent estuaries. A large and controversial water withdrawal/reservoir project in Virginia's coastal plain was the basis of science–management interactions that quantified the vulnerability of tidal freshwater nekton for a series of water withdrawal scenarios. Through progressive iterations of the regulatory review process, which in Virginia includes academic reviews of all aspects of projects proposed to affect the marine and estuarine environment, we developed a novel approach to modeling entrainment probabilities applicable to situations that lack a locally validated hydrodynamic model. The science/management interplay ultimately resulted in surface water allocation strategies that are balances to society and the affected natural environment. Model results showed that the probability of encounter (contact between an egg or larva and one or more units of the intake array) ranged from 1.71% under the conditions of a high river flow and low withdrawal rate to 99.99% under the conditions of a low river flow and high withdrawal rate. The collective body of scientific information was incorporated into regulatory conditions placed on water withdrawals that are designed to protect at least 95% of early life history stages within the intake array's zone of influence.     

沅江入湖河床沉积物重金属污染演化地球化学分析

对沅江入湖河段河床沉积物进行钻探取样,利用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析沉积物重金属等微量元素的含量,并利用210Pb法测定沉积物沉积速率.同时,在分析沉积物重金属污染特征的基础上,探讨沉积物重金属污染的演化过程.结果表明:沉积物中Bi、Cd、Mn、Mo、Zn、Pb等重金属含量变化大、分布不均匀,而Sc、Tl、Rb、Cs、V、Co、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Ga、Ge、Rb、Sr、REEs(稀土元素)等微量元素含量变化小,分布相对均一.微量元素富集特征(EF值)和主成分分析结果显示,沉积物中Cu、Sc、Tl、Rb、Cs、Th、U、V、Co、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Ga、Ge、Rb、Sr、REE等微量元素主要为自然源,而Bi、Cd、Mn、Zn、Pb等重金属则既有自然源的影响,又有人为源的贡献.地累积指数(Igeo)评价结果显示,入湖段沉积物存在Cd-Mn-Zn-Pb-Bi等元素组合的重金属污染,且沉积物自下而上分布有中深部(204~192 cm)、中上部(96~64 cm)、浅表部(64~0 cm)3个重金属污染层.上述3个重金属污染层可能对应于3个期次的重金属污染事件,即早期(1913年前)的零星重金属污染、中期(建国初期至改革开放初期,1963—1979年)的中等强度重金属污染、近期(1979年至今)高强度重金属污染.且自早期到近期,沉积物重金属污染程度增强,污染元素组合趋于复杂化.沅江入湖河床沉积物的上述3期重金属污染可能对洞庭湖沉积物产生直接影响.     

灌河口潮滩重金属累积特征及其对环境的意义

灌河是苏北地区最大、航运条件最好的入海河流。重金属元素分析显示,在灌河口表层沉积物中Hg、Cr、As和Cu的含量要高于背景值;Pb和Zn的含量比较接近背景值;Cd的含量低于背景值。其中Hg元素出现了中等程度的生态危害性,而Cr、As、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd等元素的生态危害系数均极低,整个灌河口潮滩地区并没有出现较为严重的重金属生态危害。     

土壤中可萃取性石油烃的程序升温进样气相色谱法

与恒温进样气相色谱法相比,程序升温进样具有适用范围广、分析速度快、分离度高等优点。应用程序升温进样气相色谱法,建立了以正己烷为溶剂,C₅-C₄₄正构烃混合物为沸点定性校准物质,柴油-润滑油(体积比为1∶1)混合物为定量标准物质,可对污染土壤中C₁₀-C₄₀可萃取性石油烃同时进行定性和定量的分析方法。该方法还可以快速直观地确定出各石油烃组分在土壤中所占的比例。对不同进样方式的测定结果进行比较发现,在使用分流/不分流进样口的不分流模式对馏分油进行检测时,存在分流歧视现象,定量结果偏差最高可达28.6%;而使用程序升温进样口的程序升温不分流模式,不存在分流歧视现象,在测定所含组分沸程较宽、浓度差别较大的馏分油以及污染土壤时,都具有较高的精密度和准确性。