基于交通文化的交通安全策略

以往对于交通安全的研究 ,很少有人从交通文化的深度进行分析 ,而对交通文化的研究确实具有现实意义和深远的战略价值。笔者针对这一问题 ,在阐述了交通文化的定义、特征的基础上 ,构建了交通文化系统的结构 ,说明了交通文化与交通安全的关系 ,提出了基于交通文化的驾驶员素质培训和安全教育、培养交通参与者交通安全意识、重视交通安全技术的研究和应用、加强道路交通管理和重视交通道德建设等交通安全策略。     

Effect of vehicle and crash factors on older occupants

PROBLEM: The expected substantial increase in people aged 65 or older is important for those concerned about transportation injuries. However, much of the previous research concentrates on older drivers and overlooks the fact that vehicle and crash factors may provide significant explanations of older occupant injury rates. METHOD: Differences across age groups are explored using two nationwide travel surveys, crash involvement, fatalities, and injuries from crash databases and an ordered probit model of injury severity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Two noticeable differences that help explain injury risk are that older people are more likely to travel in passenger cars than younger people who frequently use light trucks, and that seriously injured older occupants are more likely to be involved in side-impact crashes than their younger counterparts. IMPACT: Increased attention to vehicle engagement in side-impact crashes and to vehicle technologies that can help drivers avoid side collisions would be particularly helpful for older occupants.     

高速公路交通噪声对环境影响的研讨

通过实例，对高速公路交通噪声的污染状况、水平和空间分布规律、噪声随时间的变化以及隔声防护效果进行了分析研讨，同时提出了改善声环境质量的建议。     

南京东路机动车尾气污染调查和计算分析

机动车排放的尾气是城区重要的污染，是形成光化学烟雾的直接因素。通过对南京东路王开照相馆－东海商厦断面的车流量、污染物浓度和气象要素的调查和监测，分析了南京东路交通流量的特征，估算了这一路段机动车尾气污染源源强，并利用分车道的经验公式计算了选定剖面的ＮＯｘ浓度分布。结果表明：（１）南京东路的车辆构成中出租车占很大比例。一天中车流量存在明显的变化，从西到东和从东到西车道的变化趋势一致，主要集中在白天和     

LCA与城市交通方式的选择

介绍了ＬＣＡ（生命周期评价法）地概念和研究方法当前交通原基础上，将ＬＣＡ思想初叔应用与城市交通方式选择。     

交通噪声对不同人格类型者心功能影响的研究

对42名分属于典型外向稳定、内向稳定、外向不稳定、内向不稳定4种人格类型的受试者,进行30min、(90±2)dB(A)的交通噪声暴露,测定每搏左心室作功(LVSW)、总外周阻力(TPR)、每分心输出量(CO)、平均动脉压(MAP)等指标。结果表明:外向不稳定型组LVSW在噪声暴露中及暴露后均显著下降。4组受试者的TPR均显著上升,其中内向不稳定型TPR在噪声停止20min时依然处于显著的高水平。内向不稳定组CO在暴露中和暴露后均显著下降,其余3组CO在噪声暴露后下降。外向稳定型组的MAP在噪声暴露即刻、暴露中和暴露后均显著上升。结果提示:噪声暴露能够影响受试者的心功能,对不稳定型受试者的影响明显大于稳定型受试者。     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of traffic calming measures on vehicle speeds and pedestrian injury severity in Ghana

Objectives: Each year, pedestrian injuries constitute over 40% of all road casualty deaths and up to 60% of all urban road casualty deaths in Ghana. This is as a result of the overwhelming dependence on walking as a mode of transport in an environment where there are high vehicular speeds and inadequate pedestrian facilities. The objectives of this research were to establish the (1) impact of traffic calming measures on vehicle speeds and (2) association between traffic calming measures and pedestrian injury severity in built-up areas in Ghana.

Method: Vehicle speeds were unobtrusively measured in 38 selected settlements, including 19 with traffic calming schemes and 19 without. The study design used in this research was a matched case–control. A regression analysis compared case and control casualties using a conditional logistic regression.

Results: Generally, the mean vehicle speeds and the proportion of vehicles exceeding the 50?km/h speed limit were significantly lower in settlements that have traffic calming measures compared to towns without any traffic calming measures. Additionally, the proportion of motorists who exceeded the speed limit was 30% or less in settlements that have traffic calming devices and the proportion who exceeded the speed limit was 60% or more in towns without any traffic calming measures. The odds of pedestrian fatality was significantly higher in settlements that have no traffic calming devices compared to those that have (odds ratio [OR]?=?1.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–4.43). The protective effects of a traffic calming scheme that has a speed table was notably higher than those where there were no speed tables.

Conclusion: It was clearly evident that traffic calming devices reduce vehicular speeds and, thus, the incidence and severity of pedestrian injuries in built-up areas in Ghana. However, the fact that they are deployed on arterial roads is increasingly becoming a road safety concern. Given the emerging safety challenges associated with speed calming measures, we recommend that their use be restricted to residential streets but not on arterial roads. Long-term solutions for improving pedestrian safety proposed herein include bypassing settlements along the highways to reduce pedestrians’ exposure to traffic collisions and adopting a modern way of enforcement such as evidence-based laser monitoring in conjunction with a punishment regime that utilizes the demerit points system.     

交通事故预测分析

运用模糊图、灰色系统、非线性回归、随机过程和安全系统工程的理论与方法，进行交通事故预测分析。给出了交通事故预测分析的双向模糊图模型、灰色马尔可夫预测模型及非线性回归模型。模型运行结果可为交通事故的预防和交通安全管理提供科学依据     

1995年气候对交通系统的影响

根据气象部门和交通部门的资料，对１９９５年气候条件对我国交通系统造成的影响进行了分析评述，其中影响最大的是暴雨洪水，其它气候灾害还有雾、雪、风及高温等，使我们对影响交通系统的气候灾害有了进一步的认识。