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81.
Assessing community vulnerability to floods and hurricanes along the Gulf Coast of the United States
Hurricanes and flooding have affected millions of people and generated massive economic losses over the past several decades. Geographic information system (GIS) methods are employed in this paper to analyse coastal communities' vulnerability to these two hazards along the Gulf Coast of the United States. Specifically, two types of quantitative indicators are developed: (i) exposure to hurricanes and flooding, based on information from multiple sources; and a social vulnerability index, constructed using census data. These indices are combined to depict the spatial patterns of overall community vulnerability to hurricanes and flooding along the US Gulf Coast. The results of this study can potentially inform disaster management agencies, county governments, and municipalities in areas at heightened risk. Furthermore, the demonstration of the geographic distribution of community vulnerability can assist decision-makers in prioritising to-do items and designing policies and plans for the more effective allocation of resources. The paper ends by discussing the study's limitations and its practical implications. 相似文献
82.
Paul B. Thompson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2001,14(2):217-229
Debates over the future of agriculture in North Americaestablish a dialectical opposition between conventional,industrial agriculture and alternative, sustainable agriculture.This opposition has roots that extend back to the 18th century inthe United States, but the debate has taken a number ofsurprising turns in the 20th century. Originally articulated as aphilosophy of the left, industrial agriculture has utilitarianmoral foundations. In the US and Canada, the articulation of analternative to industrial agriculture has drawn upon threecentral themes: the belief that agriculture is, in some way, tiedto democracy; the belief that complex bureaucratic organizationsare inherently opposed to human interests; and the belief thatthe family farms characteristic of 19th century North Americatend to produce people of superior moral character. It has proveddifficult to weave these themes into a coherent vision ofagriculture for the 21st century. Often, risk and health-basedconcerns are the basis for public criticism of conventionalagriculture, but these do not conflict with the utilitarianorientation of the industrial model, and are easily incorporatedinto it. If there is to be a philosophical debate over the futureof agriculture, we must find some way to rehabilitate thequasi-Aristotelean view of agriculture that emerges from thethree critical themes noted above. 相似文献
83.
As inland wetlands face increasing pressure for development, both the federal government and individual states have begun reevaluating their respective wetland regulatory schemes. This article focuses first on the effectiveness of the past, present, and proposed federal regulations, most notably the Section 404, Dredge and Fill Permit Program, in dealing with shrinking wetland resources. The article then addresses the status of state involvement in this largely federal area, as well as state preparedness to assume primacy should federal priorities change. Finally, the subject of comprehensive legislation for wetland protection is investigated, and the article concludes with some procedural suggestions for developing a model law. 相似文献
84.
对美国、日本和中国预警机制现状的评述 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
张维平 《防灾科技学院学报》2006,8(3):4-7,64
突发公共事件是当今世界各国面临的共同威胁,但是,人类在防灾救灾方面仍然存在着一些缺陷。面对突发公共事件危机各国各政府都有自己的预警机制。尤其是一些发达国家建立了较为完善的预警机制,比如美国、日本等国的预警机制对于一些发展中国家建立预警机制有着重要的借鉴意义。中国在应对突发公共事件方面虽然存在着一些缺陷,但是,在建立应对突发公共事件预警机制方面,也进行了积极的探索和实践。 相似文献
85.
Contemporary approaches to natural resources and environmental decision-making typically draw on a “systems” perspective to
assess and improve management strategies. This paper describes the early genesis of the systems analysis approach. It concentrates
on a period between the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. During the early part of this period, George Marsh's Man and Nature and related works laid out an approach to problem-solving that recognized the relationship among physically disperse elements
in the environment, the need to balance benefits against costs, the potential for using quantitative modeling to understand
management options, and the importance of integrating human and natural components into solutions. In the early 20th century,
the Miami Conservancy District project brought this approach to fruition with its use of complex simulation and optimization
modeling, detailed cost–benefit analysis, and its linking of economics, engineering, science, and law into a far-reaching
solution to a complex water resources problem. The objective of this paper is to describe the early development and application
of this conceptual approach to problem-solving. An examination of the origins of natural resources systems analysis can broaden
one's perspective of the contemporary field to understand its roots as a philosophy for environmental problem-solving. 相似文献
86.
Seiedeh Aghileh Mirsadeghi Mohamad Pauzi Zakari Chee Kong Yap Azadeh Shahbazi 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2011,23(2):336-345
The concentration of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (c-PAHs) present in the sediment and water of Peninsular
Malaysia as well as in the cockle Anadara granosa was investigated. Samples were extracted and analysed with gas chromatographymass
spectrometry. The concentrations of total carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (t-PAHs) were measured between 0.80
0.04 to 162.96 14.74 ng/g wet weight (ww) in sediment, between 21.85 2.18 to 76.2 10.82 ng/L in water samples and between
3.34 0.77 to 46.85 5.50 ng/g ww in the cockle tissue. The risk assessment of probable human carcinogens in the Group B2 PAHs
was calculated and assessed in accordance with the standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Case
I in the toxicity assessment analysed the cancer risk to consumers of Malaysian blood cockle. Case II assessed the risk of cancer
from exposure to PAHs from multiple pathways. The average cancer risk of case I and case II were found to be classifiable as unsafe
according to the US EPA standard. The cancer risk due to c-PAHs acquired by the ingestion of blood cockle was (8.82 0.54) 10??6
to (2.67 0.06) 10??2, higher than the US EPA risk management criterion. The non-cancer risks associated with multiple pathways in
Kuala Gula, Kuala Juru and Kuala Perlis were higher than the US EPA safe level, but the non-cancer risk for eating blood cockle was
below the level of US EPA concern. 相似文献
87.
Andrew D. Ashton Jeffrey P. Donnelly Rob L. Evans 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(7):719-743
An increase in the rate of sea-level rise and potential changes in storminess represent important components of global climate
change that will likely affect the extensive coasts of the Northeastern USA. Raising sea level not only increases the likelihood
of coastal flooding, but changes the template for waves and tides to sculpt the coast, which can lead to land loss orders
of magnitude greater than that from direct inundation alone. There is little question that sea-level rise, and in particular
an increased rate of rise, will result in permanent losses of coastal land. However, quantitative predictions of these future
coastal change remains difficult due in part to the complexity of coastal systems and the influence of infrequent storm events,
and is further confounded by coastal science’s insufficient understanding of the behavior of coastal systems over decadal
timescales. Recently, dramatic improvements in technology have greatly improved our capabilities to investigate and characterize
processes and sedimentary deposits in the coastal zone, allowing us, for the first time, to address some of the over-arching
problems involved in shoreline change. Despite advances in many areas of coastal geology, our fundamental understanding of
shoreline change has been limited by a lack of a broad and integrated scientific focus, a lack of resources, and a lack of
willingness on the part of policymakers who make crucial decisions about human activity along the coast to support basic research
in this area. Although quantitative predictions remain constrained, there remains little doubt that the predicted climates
changes will have profound effects upon the Northeastern coast. 相似文献
88.
Vijaya Gagrani John A. Diemer Jarrod J. Karl Craig J. Allan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(1):128-142
The hydrologic and water quality benefits of an existing engineered stormwater control measures (SCMs) network, along with the alternative stormwater control simulations, were assessed in the rapidly urbanizing Beaverdam Creek watershed located in SE U.S. Piedmont region through the use of distributed Model of Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualization stormwater model. When compared with predevelopment conditions, the postdevelopment watershed simulation without SCMs indicated a 2 times increase in total runoff volume, 3 times average increase in peak flow for 1.5‐3.2 cm 6‐h storm events, and 30 times, 12 times, and 3 times higher total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorous (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) loadings, respectively. The existing SCMs network, in comparison with the postdeveloped watershed without SCMs, reduced the average peak flow rates for 1.5‐3.2 cm 6‐h storm events by 70%, lowered the annual runoff volume by 3%, and lowered TSS, TP, TN annual loads by 57, 51, and 10%, respectively. A backyard rain garden simulation resulted in minimal additional reduction in TSS (1.6%), TP (0.4%), and TN (4%). Model simulations indicate that mandatory 85% TSS and 70% TP annual load reductions in comparison with the predevelopment levels would require the diversion of runoff from at least 70% of the contributing drainage areas runoff into additional offline bioretention basins. 相似文献
89.
自2006年起,美国环保署(EPA)在美国本土开展了两次湖泊生态状况调查和评估,从营养状态、生物健康和休闲娱乐的关键指标开展评估,旨在摸清美国湖泊生态环境现状和影响湖泊生态健康的关键胁迫因子。EPA逐步形成了涵盖水文、水质、水生生物等多重指标在内的湖泊调查评估体系,该体系已成为美国湖泊环境管理系统的重要组成部分,为湖泊环境保护和水生态系统恢复提供了有力支持。本文从清单建立、重点调查湖泊清单筛选、采样布点、监测指标、评估方法等方面系统研究总结美国湖泊调查评估的关键技术方法体系,以期为我国湖泊生态环境保护和环境管理工作提供借鉴。 相似文献