晋中城市群县域可达性及经济联系格局研究

以晋中城市群为研究对象,运用加权平均旅行时间和引力模型分析了2000—2018年晋中城市群县域单元可达性水平及经济联系的时空演变格局。结果表明:(1)晋中城市群县域单元的可达性水平显著提升但地域分布不均衡,受地形和距离因素的影响存在"断崖式"梯度变化和"中心高、边缘低"的圈层式空间分布特征。(2)晋中城市群县域单元的经济联系强度持续增强,其空间分布格局具有显著的廊道指向特征和行政区指向特征。(3)晋中城市群核心区域的辐射带动作用显著,不同县域单元对外经济联系能力差异较大,但城市群内部的发展差距在逐渐缩小。     

土地资源空间异质性与经济发展水平的关系研究——以武汉城市圈为例

从土地资源属性出发,采用主成分分析法综合测度武汉城市圈土地资源空间异质性,利用Tobit 模型对土地资源空间异质性与经济发展水平的关系进行分析。研究表明:城市圈土地资源空间异质性是土地质量、结构、数量和禀赋等特征异质的综合反映,其中土地质量和结构异质是主因;城市圈土地资源空间异质性指数区间为[0.015, 0.737],可分为高异质区、中高异质区、一般异质区、中低异质区、低异质区5 个梯度区;城市圈土地资源空间异质性呈现出“中心高、边缘低”的分布特征,各异质梯度区内研究单元数量和面积差异明显;城市化水平和人均GDP对土地资源空间异质性具有显著的正向影响,第三产业比重具有显著的负向影响,提高第三产业比重能够降低城市圈土地资源异质性。     

An approach to evaluation of sustainability for Guangzhou's urban ecosystem

Guangzhou has ambitions to build itself into a world class metropolis by 2010. Sustainable development is the only way to achieve this magnificent goal. Based on the ecological perspective of sustainable development and the principles of ecosystem integrity, this paper develops an approach for evaluation of sustainable development in Guangzhou between 1986 and 1995. A hierarchical evaluation system of four tiers of sustainability indicators was established. Using the method of fuzzy multistage synthetic evaluation, sustainability development level index, QIx, was calculated for the indicators at the B, C, D, and E tiers. Development stages were identified based on these index values. The coordination degree among the economic, social, and natural subsystems was also computed. Further, an overall sustainability index for each year was computed by combining the development level index and the coordination degree. It was found that the urban ecosystem in Guangzhou had generally become more sustainable, in spite of fluctuations in coordination degree. The development level index of the economic subsystem has surpassed that of social and natural subsystems since 1995. Appropriate measures must be taken to ensure coordinated development among the subsystems for the purpose of sustainable development.     

Are indigenous forest reserves sustainable? An analysis of present and future land-use trends in Bosawas,Nicaragua

SUMMARY

In recent years, indigenous tenure over forest lands has emerged as a means to conserve forests while recognizing indigenous rights. There is concern, however, that indigenous reserves may not be an appropriate policy tool for sustained forest conservation. Our research examined how recognition of indigenous common-property rights has controlled agricultural expansion and conserved forests in Bosawas Biosphere Reserve, Nicaragua. We used satellite imagery with empirical data gathered in the field on land-use institutions, population pressures, and land-use practices to compare whether indigenous communities under territorial management or public management are better able to (1) control the ‘fast threat’ of frontier expansion and (2) address the long-term ecological threats posed by indigenous land-use practices and institutional changes in the region. Our findings are that indigenous residents who share common-property rights over their territories are better able to control agricultural expansion than are indigenous residents living on public lands. With respect to the long-term threats to the region, a series of simulations of possible land-use pressures demonstrate that the enforcement of territorial boundaries and further development of indigenous forest management rules will prove crucial in determining land-use capacity and deforestation over the next 50 years.     

The global distribution of human population and recent volcanism

Abstract

This study quantifies the spatial relationship between the global distribution of human population and recent volcanism. Using recently compiled databases of population and Holocene volcanoes, we estimate that almost 9% (455 × 10⁶ people) of the world's 1990 population lived within 100km of an historically active volcano and 12% within 100km of a volcano believed to have been active during the last 10,000 years. The analysis also indicates that average population density generally decreases with distance from these volcanoes (within 200 km). In tropical areas, the elevation and fertile soils associated with volcanic regions can provide incentives for agrarian populations to settle close to potentially active volcanoes. In Southeast Asia and Central America higher population densities lie in closer proximity to volcanoes than in other volcanic regions. In Japan and Chile, population density tends to increase with distance from volcanoes. The current trends of rapid urbanization and sustained population growth in tropical developing countries, combined with agricultural intensification of fertile volcanic terrains could alter the relationship between humans and volcanoes so as to increase both local and global consequences of volcanic eruptions in the future.     

Nitrogen budget and its environmental loading in an urban ecosystem with the rapid urbanisation of China

A detailed nitrogen (N) budget has been developed for an urban ecosystem based on the method of material flow analysis. How increased human activity and urbanisation influences N cycling have also been analysed. Total N input and output in the urban ecosystem of Zhengzhou City (ZUE) was calculated at 304.8?Gg was 275.3?Gg year^?1, resulting in an N accumulation of 29.5?Gg year^?1. Industry and human life activities, which respectively accounted for 43.8% and 34.2% of total N inputs and 52.6% and 29.1% of total N outputs, were the core of N flow in the urban ecosystem. Humans activities mediated more than 98% N inputs into the ZUE, 73.2% of N was released into the atmosphere and 11.7% into hydrosphere. This very large volume of released N could contribute to regional problems. High energy consumption, insufficient wastewater treatment facility practices, and low N use efficiency are the primary causes of pollution. The major challenge ahead for the urban ecosystem is how to manage high-intensity N pollutant inputs to the urban ecosystems coupled with incomplete N cycling and removal. Based on the analysis of the N budget and loading, this study also proposes an N management strategy for the ZUE.     

Community structure and biotic integrity of aquatic plants along the North Canal in Beijing北大核心CSCD

Aquatic plants along the North Canal in Beijing were studied to identify the community structure of aquatic plants and vegetation index of biotic integrity (VIBI), and to provide scientific basis for the management and protection of urban rivers. Aquatic plants from 49 sampling sites along the North Canal were investigated during June 2015. Based on the field data, distributing range analysis, discriminatory power analysis, and correlation analysis were used stepwise to select core metrics from candidate metrics to establish the VIBI assessment system. The VIBI value of each sampling site was calculated as the average of the scaled values of all core metrics. Thirty-six aquatic plant species, including 14 hygrophytes, 13 emergent species, 6 submergent species, 2 floating-leaved species, and 1 floating species were collected. Species diversity was low in the North Canal, and no aquatic plants were recorded in 28 sampling sites, of which 9 sampling sites were dried up. Five sites were in excellent condition (VIBI > 0.60), 5 were good (0.60 > VIBI > 0.38), 7 were fair (0.38 > VIBI > 0.23), and 4 were poor (VIBI < 0.23). Based on the distribution of VIBI, Shahe River and Wenyu River upstream, and Fenghe River located in suburbs had a higher VIBI. Downstream tributaries, such as Qinghe River, Bahe River, and Liangshui River, had a lower VIBI. Correlation analysis showed that habitat quality, habitat complexity, and vegetation diversity along riparian zones were the important factors affecting VIBI along the North Canal, Beijing. Aquatic plants along the North Canal showed low species diversity owing to human disturbance. VIBI along tributaries with limited disturbance from human activities was higher; however, VIBI along tributaries disturbed by frequent human activities was lower. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Assessment and management of urbanization-induced ecological risks

The urban ecological risk incurred during the processes of urbanization has been constantly accumulating, creating a severe challenge for China to achieve sustainable urban development. At present, research on systematic evaluation of urban ecological risks is still inadequate, especially at an urban ecosystem level. In this special issue, we use Xiamen City as an example to identify the sources and receptors of urban ecological risks, to develop a methodology system of urban ecological risk assessment, and to propose a method for the management of urban ecological risks. This special issue contains 11 research articles resulting from a comprehensive research project funded by China’s National Natural Science Foundation. The innovations reported in this special issue include a framework of urban ecological risk assessment and a standardized procedure for carrying out urban ecological risk assessment using multiple stressors and endpoints.     

Unregulated urban sprawl and spatial distribution of fire events: evidence from Greece

Fire events are an annual phenomenon in Greece with damages and even casualties, making their understanding and management important. In this paper, we present fire events provided by NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System and place them along a number of spatial types defined by relief and land cover classes. Results demonstrate that the occurrence of fire events is related more to some land cover classes than others. The most important in terms of overall frequency in all types of terrain is ‘Agricultural Areas’, as a result of farming practices that involve fire. The second more important type of areas is ‘Artificial Surfaces’, especially in low lying areas. These events are related to urban growth and sprawl and are very often a direct outcome of speculation practices with land properties, encouraged by the absence or poor implementation of spatial planning.     

中国北方干燥地城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响——以呼和浩特-包头-鄂尔多斯城市群地区为例

理解中国北方干燥地城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响对提高干燥地人类福祉和实现区域可持续发展具有重要的意义。为此,论文以正在经历快速城市化的呼和浩特-包头-鄂尔多斯（呼包鄂）地区为例,从区域、城市和旗县3个尺度上揭示了该地区1990—2013年城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响。首先,量化了呼包鄂地区1990年的生境质量、粮食生产、肉类生产和碳储量4种关键生态系统服务。然后,分析了1990—2013年呼包鄂地区的城市扩展过程。最后,在区域、城市和旗县3个尺度上评价了呼包鄂地区1990—2013年城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响。结果显示,1990—2013年,呼包鄂地区经历了快速的城市扩展过程,城市用地面积从314.22 km²增加到692.10 km²,增长了1.2倍。区域城市扩展过程导致4种生态系统服务均明显下降。其中,粮食生产服务损失最严重,损失量达1.36×10⁴ t,约占1990年全区粮食生产总量的1%。边缘型和飞地型城市扩展对生态系统服务的影响最明显。1990—2013年,边缘型城市扩展导致的粮食生产、肉类生产和碳储量损失量占区域城市扩展过程中各项服务损失总量的比例均超过60%,飞地型城市扩展造成的肉类生产服务损失量大于区域城市扩展过程中该服务损失总量的1/3。边缘型和飞地型城市扩展过程导致的耕地和草地大量减少是造成生态系统服务快速下降的主要原因。因此,建议在呼包鄂地区的城市化进程中应提高城市用地利用率,控制边缘型和飞地型城市扩展,以减少城市扩展过程对生态系统服务的影响。