NOx和VOC自然源排放及其对中国地区对流层光化学特性影响的数值模拟研究

利用Williams等和Guenther等的模型估计中国地区NO_x和VOC的自然源排放.所得清单显示土壤NO_x排放总量（以N计）为225.75 Gg;植被VOC年排放总量（以C计）为13.23 Tg,其中异戊二烯、单萜烯、其它VOC分别为7.77、1.86、3.60 Tg;排放有明显季节变化和空间变化.运用中尺度气象模式MM5以及光化学模式Calgrid研究这些排放在不同季节对对流层化学的影响.结果表明,O₃、NO_x、HNO₃和PAN的全国平均浓度在土壤NO_x排放影响下分别增加15.3%、15.7%、25.5%和6.5%;在植被VOC排放影响下改变5.6%、-4.9%、-19.3％和142.3％;在两者综合影响下增加26.1%、8.8%、4.3%和177.9%;浓度变化在夏季明显强于其它季节.自然源对中国地区光化学污染物空间分布有不同程度的影响,这种影响同区域气象条件、源排放和NMHC/NO_x比值等因素有关.NO_x和VOC的自然源排放对光化学特性影响显著,在光化学模拟过程中不容忽视.     

VOC in an urban and industrial harbor on the French North Sea coast during two contrasted meteorological situations

Two measurement campaigns of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were carried out in the industrial city of Dunkerque, using Radiello passive samplers during winter (16–23 January) and summer (6–13 June) 2007. 174 compounds were identified belonging to six chemical families. Classifying sampling sites with similar chemical profiles by hierarchical ascending classification resulted in 4 groups that reflected the influence of the main industrial and urban sources of pollution. Also, the BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylenes) quantification allowed us to map their levels of concentration. Benzene and toluene (BT) showed high concentrations in Northern Dunkerque reflecting the influence of two industrial plants. Differences among spatial distributions of the BT concentrations over contrasted meteorological conditions were also observed. An atypical ratio of T/B in the summer samples led us to investigate the BTEX origins shedding light on the contribution of pollutants transported across various zones of VOC emissions situated in Europe.     

Quantitative determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor dust using gas chromatography-UV spectrometry

A novel technique, gas chromatography-UV spectrometry (GC-UV), was used to quantify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in settled dust from 389 residences in Sweden. The dust samples were thermally desorbed in an inert atmosphere and evaporated compounds were concentrated by solid phase micro extraction and separated by capillary GC. Eluting compounds were then detected, identified, and quantified using a diode array UV spectrophotometer. Altogether, 28 compounds were quantified in each sample; 24 of these were found in more than 50% of the samples. The compounds found in highest concentrations were saturated aldehydes (C5-C10), furfuryl alcohol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), 2-furaldehyde, and benzaldehyde. Alkenals were also found, notably 2-butenal (crotonaldehyde), 2-methyl-propenal (methacrolein), hexenal, heptenal, octenal, and nonenal. The concentrations of each of the 28 compounds ranged between two to three orders of magnitude, or even more. These results demonstrate the presence of a number of VOCs in indoor dust, and provide, for the first time, a quantitative determination of these compounds in a larger number of dust samples from residents. The findings also illustrate the potential use of GC-UV for analysing volatile compounds in indoor dust, some of which are potential irritants (to the skin, eyes or respiratory system) if present at higher concentrations. The potential use of GC-UV for improving survey and control of the human exposure to particle-bound irritants and other chemicals is inferred.     

Variability in Voc Concentrations in an Urban Area of Delhi

The variability of pollutants is an important factor in determining human exposure to the chemicals. This study presents the result of investigation of variability of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban area of Delhi, capital of India. Fifteen locations, in five categories namely residential, commercial, industrial, traffic intersections and petrol pump were monitored for one year every month during peak hours in morning and evening. Measurement focused on target VOCs as defined by USEPA. Variability was divided into measurement, spatial, temporal and temporal–spatial interaction components. Temporal component along with temporal–spatial interaction were found to be the major contributors to the variability of measured VOC concentrations. Need of continuous monitoring to capture short–term peak concentration and averages is evident.     

等离子体在大气污染控制中应用进展

等离子体具有较高的温度和大量活性粒子,因此能够加速化学反应速度,彻底分解污染物.本文综述了目前常用的一些等离子体技术在大气污染控制中的应用研究进展.     

室内环境中挥发性有机物释放过程的数学模型

根据组成结构,将室内环境中释放挥发性有机物(VOCs)的建筑装饰材料划分为单层干材料、单层湿材料、多层组合材料等类型,总结了这三种材料的VOCs释放特征、传输过程和数学模型研究现状,分析了模型的特点和适用范围,指出了模型研究发展的趋势,对应用中模型的选择提出了指导性建议.     

An Estimate of Biogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds during Summertime in China (7 pp)

Background and Aim An accurate estimation of biogenic emissions of VOC (volatile organic compounds) is necessary for better understanding a series of current environmental problems such as summertime smong and global climate change. However, very limited studies have been reported on such emissions in China. The aim of this paper is to present an estimate of biogenic VOC emissions during summertime in China, and discuss its uncertainties and potential areas for further investigations. Materials and Methods This study was mainly based on field data and related research available so far in China and abroad, including distributions of land use and vegetations, biomass densities and emission potentials. VOC were grouped into isoprene, monoterpenes and other VOC (OVOC). Emission potentials of forests were determined for 22 genera or species, and then assigned to 33 forest ecosystems. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis database was used as standard environmental conditions. A typical summertime of July 1999 was chosen for detailed calculations. Results and Discussion The biogenic VOC emissions in China in July were estimated to be 2.3×10¹²gC, with 42% as isoprene, 19% as monoterpenes and 39% as OVOC. About 77.3% of the emissions are generated-from forests and woodlands. The averaged emission intensity was 4.11 mgC m⁻² hr⁻¹ for forests and 1.12 mgC m⁻² hr⁻¹ for all types of vegetations in China during the summertime. The uncertainty in the results arose from both the data and the assumptions used in the extrapolations. Generally, uncertainty in the field measurements is relatively small. A large part of the uncertainty mainly comes from the taxonomic method to assign emission potentials to unmeasured species, while the ARGR method serves to estimate leaf biomass and the emission algorithms to describe light and temperature dependence. Conclusions This study describes a picture of the biogenic VOC emissions during summertime in China. Due to the uneven spatial and temporal distributions, biogenic VOC emissions may play an important role in the tropospheric chemistry during summertime. Recommendations and Perspectives Further investigations are needed to reduce uncertainties involved in the related factors such as emission potentials, leaf biomass, species distribution as well as the mechanisms of the emission activities. Besides ground measurements, attention should also be placed on other techniques such as remotesensing and dynamic modeling. These new approaches, combined with ground measurements as basic database for calibration and evaluation, can hopefully provide more comprehensive information in the research of this field. Submission Editor: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Lammel (lammel@recetox.muni.cz)     

易挥发有机化合物在Pt/Al_2O_3-Si纤维催化剂上的低温氧化

本文合成了一种新型的Pt负载在Al_2O_3涂膜强力富硅纤维载体的催化剂,研究低温下催化易挥发有机化合物的行为.用四种有机化合物检验实验参数对催化剂分解有机化合物分解率的影响.讨论了流速、浓度、有机物的本性、预热温度、反应热等参数的影响,并给出了催化剂对苯、甲苯在特定实验条件下的活化能、反应级数和指前因子的数值.     

室内空气质量评价模型探讨

文章按时间顺序介绍了六个评价室内空气质量的数学模型.它们分别是歌舞厅空气质量指标模型、通风条件下室内VOC普适模型、居民住宅甲醛浓度预测模型、办公室甲醛浓度预测模型、通风条件下室内空气品质模型以及多孔建材中VOC扩散系数两尺度模型.针对每一个模型,文章都按照相应的适用条件、建模过程和应用效果进行了综述.目的是总结该领域的最新进展,为当下的检测工作与将来进一步的研究提供参考资料.     

北京市加油站油气回收治理的减排贡献及发展趋势

分析对成品油VOC排放各排放源贡献比率,对北京市显著影响的机动车排放源和加油站排放源贡献比例进行了对比。对油气回收发展趋势进行了简要分析,建议逐步推广ORVR系统,并对加油站油气回收系统的管理提出了建议。