Fe(Ⅲ)/苹果酸/H_2O_2体系对有机物的光降解特性研究

系统研究了可见光照射下染料橙黄Ⅱ在Fe(Ⅲ)/苹果酸/H2O2体系中的脱色情况,考查了光源、pH值、Fe(Ⅲ)、苹果酸、H2O2及染料初始浓度等因素对橙黄Ⅱ脱色效率的影响.结果表明,Fe(Ⅲ)/苹果酸/H2O2体系在可见光照射下能有效实现橙黄Ⅱ的脱色,在pH为5.0的条件下仍然具有较强的降解有机物的能力.该体系对橙黄Ⅱ的脱色率高于Fe(Ⅲ)/H2O2体系或Fe(Ⅲ)/苹果酸体系,光反应符合表观一级反应动力学规律.随着光强的增加,橙黄Ⅱ的脱色率增大.太阳光是该体系的有效光源,本体系具有利用太阳光的潜力.     

利用纳米零价铁进行印染废水脱色实验研究

以纳米铁粉为脱色剂,以甲基橙水溶液为目标污染物,研究了纳米铁粉对甲基橙水溶液的脱色影响.结果表明染料初始浓度一定时,加入一定铁粉,脱色率随脱色时间的增加而增大,到一定时间后脱色率不再有大的变化;酸洗铁粉对甲基橙水溶液的脱色效果更好;将酸洗铁粉进行水洗,脱色率随水洗次数的增加而减少;摇床转速越高,脱色效果越好.     

Imaging Toxins

This essay examines how toxins are visually represented in news and popular media. More specifically, it analyzes the function of visual narratives, identity, place, and uncertainty in the construction of the controversial toxicant Agent Orange, a defoliant used by the US military during the Vietnam War to reduce jungle cover and destroy cropland causing devastating health and environmental effects. Toxins present an interesting challenge for visual construction in that they are often invisible and banal in their esthetics. The essay concludes with five observations for understanding the relationship between images and toxins.     

新型生物电Fenton法降解偶氮染料：铁复合碳毡阴极研究

传统电Fenton反应通过电化学方法产生H2O2,需外加电源,能耗大,成本高。基于MFC持续产电并可驱动阴极电Fenton系统运行的特点,本研究以铁复合碳毡为阴极电极,构建了微生物燃料电池驱动的生物电Fenton系统,探讨了铁复合碳毡及阴极pH对偶氮染料(金橙I号)脱色的影响。结果发现,铁复合碳毡脱色效果均好于普通碳毡。当pH为3时,4 h后Fe@Fe2O3/CF阴极脱色率达91.7%,明显高于α-FeOOH/CF和FeAlSi/CF的83.4%和69.9%。扫描电镜发现,Fe@Fe2O3以微粒状结构附着于碳毡表面,比表面积增大,可能是Fe@Fe2O3/CF脱色性能改善的主要原因。研究表明,低pH有利于生物电Fenton反应的进行。当pH由3.0提高至5.0时,Fe@Fe2O3/CF阴极脱色率降低至47.1%。阴极室染料脱色与阳极室废水TOC削减呈线性相关,说明阳极生物氧化是驱动阴极生物电Fenton反应的原动力。本研究提供了一种能自我维持、无需外源电力的生物电Fenton系统,为印染废水脱色提供了崭新的途径。     

活性炭/过一硫酸盐降解水中金橙Ⅱ:活性炭的循环利用

研究了常温常压下颗粒状活性炭(GAC)与过一硫酸盐(PMS)联合体系降解水中金橙Ⅱ时GAC可循环利用的问题.实验发现,本体系中GAC可以重复使用,循环4次后GAC的催化活性只降低了4.6%.说明该体系具有较好的GAC再生能力,氧化剂的用量越大再生能力越强.在GAC催化PMS降解金橙Ⅱ的过程中,PMS可能会氧化GAC的表面,使得GAC的催化能力得以加强.同时发现该体系中仅是GAC的催化能力得到很好的再生,而吸附能力并没有得到再生.当GAC几乎失去吸附能力时,催化能力仍几乎能保持不变.当PMS与金橙Ⅱ的物质的量之比为20∶1时,连续流实验进行10 d,GAC的催化活性仍未减弱,GAC的使用寿命较长.该体系具有很好的实际应用潜力.     

Hydrothermal fabrication and visible-light-driven photocatalytic properties of bismuth vanadate with multiple morphologies and/or porous structures for Methyl Orange degradation

Monoclinic BiVO₄ with multiple morphologies and/or porous structures were fabricated using the hydrothermal strategy. The materials were characterized by means of the XRD, Raman, TGA/DSC, SEM, XPS, and UV-Vis techniques. The photocatalytic activities of the BiVO₄ materials were evaluated for the degradation of Methyl Orange under visible-light irradiation. It is observed that pH value and surfactant exerted a great effect on the morphology and pore structure of the BiVO₄ product. Spherical BiVO₄ with porous structures, flower-cluster-like BiVO₄, and flower-bundle-like BiVO₄ were generated hydrothermally at 100℃ with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and urea (pH = 2) and at 160℃ with NaHCO₃ (pH = 7 and 8), respectively. The PVP-derived BiVO₄ showed much higher surface areas (5.0-8.4 m²/g) and narrower bandgap energies (2.45-2.49 eV). The best photocatalytic performance of the spherical BiVO₄ material with a surface area of 8.4 m²/g was associated with its higher surface area, narrower bandgap energy, higher surface oxygen vacancy density, and unique porous architecture.     

固定化改性累托石微球对水中染料橙黄Ⅱ的吸附

旨在为提高累托石对染料的吸附效率,便于其在工业中的应用,采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)对天然累托石进行改性,并利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)、海藻酸钠等材料固定改性累托石粉末,制备了微球状吸附剂。考察了固定化改性累托石微球对水中橙黄Ⅱ的吸附性能以及吸附热力学和动力学规律。结果表明,等温吸附规律可用Freundlich和Langmuir模式较好地模拟。吸附活化焓ΔH0呈正值,且吸附体系的ΔH0<-TΔS0,整个吸附过程活化熵的影响大于活化焓,适当升温有利于加速吸附反应的进行。吸附动力学规律符合准一级、二级吸附速率模型、Bangham模式和Elovich模型。膜扩散过程是吸附过程的控制步骤。     

转鼓式内电解装置处理水中酸性橙Ⅱ染料

设计制作了转鼓式内电解反应装置,将铁屑与活性炭按体积比为1:1混匀后装填在转鼓内,对偶氮染料酸性橙Ⅱ(AOⅡ)进行降解实验,考察了溶液pH、转鼓转速和溶液浓度对AOⅡ降解过程的影响.结果表明,AOⅡ降解过程符合准一级动力学方程,酸性条件有利于AOⅡ的降解,转鼓转速过快和溶液浓度过高则不利于AOⅡ的降解.解决了铁炭床长时间运行板结结块的问题.AOⅡ分子在转鼓式内电解的作用下,其可见光和紫外光区的特征吸收峰逐渐降低直至消失,并新生成更容易生物降解的对氨基苯磺酸盐.     

不同晶型铁氧化物Fenton和UV-Fenton降解橙Ⅱ的催化性能

选取了磁铁矿、赤铁矿和针铁矿3种不同晶型的铁氧化物,用XRD和BET进行了表征。将3种铁氧化物作为催化剂用于Fenton和UV-Fenton(254 nm UVC)降解偶氮染料橙II,测定了染料降解过程中溶液中铁离子浓度的变化规律,用于分析3种铁氧化物的催化过程。用单位比表面积反应速率常数(k/Ssur)评价了3种铁氧化物UV-Fenton催化降解橙Ⅱ的能力,以揭示UV-Fenton体系中铁氧化物晶型与催化性能的关系。结果表明,Fenton体系中,磁铁矿能通过表面固有的2价铁催化产生羟基自由基降解橙Ⅱ,其催化能力高于针铁矿和赤铁矿;UV-Fenton体系中,磁铁矿、赤铁矿和针铁矿催化降解橙Ⅱ的单位比表面积反应速率常数分别为0.048 8 g/(m2·min)、0.023 4 g/(m2·min)和0.001 0 g/(m2·min),可见磁铁矿的催化能力明显高于针铁矿和赤铁矿;UV-Fenton体系中,磁铁矿以多相反应为主,针铁矿以均相反应为主,而赤铁矿则是两者共同作用。研究表明,磁铁矿是多相铁氧化物UV-Fenton催化剂的理想晶型,同时也是合成新型多相光助-芬顿催化剂理想的活性组分。     

Decolorization of synthetic Methyl Orange wastewater by electrocoagulation with periodic reversal of electrodes and optimization by RSM

Treatment of Methyl Orange (MO), an azo dye, synthetic wastewater by electrocoagulation with periodic reversal of the electrodes (PREC) was examined. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the influence of experimental conditions for color removal (CR), energy consumption (ENC), electrode consumption (ELC) and sludge production (SP) per kg MO removed (kg(MO_r)) with optimal conditions being found to be pH 7.4, solution conductivity (к) 9.4 mS cm⁻¹, cell voltage (U) 4.4 V, current density (j) 185 mA cm⁻², electrocoagulation time (T) 14 min, cycle of periodic reversal of electrodes (t) 15 s, inter-electrode distance (d) 3.5 cm and initial MO concentration of 125 mg L⁻¹. Under these conditions, 97 ± 2% color was removed and ENC, ELC and SP were 44 ± 3 kWh kg(MO_r)⁻¹, 4.1 ± 0.2 kg(Al) kg(MO_r)⁻¹ and 17.2 ± 0.9 kg(sludge) kg(MO_r)⁻¹, respectively. With the enhanced electrochemical efficiency resulting from the periodic electrode reversal, the coefficients of increased resistance and decreased current density between the two electrodes in the PREC setup were 2.48 × 10⁻⁴ Ω cm⁻² min⁻¹ and 0.29 mA cm⁻² min⁻¹, respectively, as compared to 7.72 × 10⁻⁴ Ω cm⁻² min⁻¹ and 0.79 mA cm⁻² min⁻¹ as measured for the traditional electrocoagulation process. The rate constant of decolorization was also enhanced by 20.4% from 0.152 min⁻¹ in the traditional electrocoagulation process to 0.183 min⁻¹ in the PREC process. These performance characteristics indicate that the PREC approach may be more promising in terms of practical application, as a cost-effective treatment, than conventional electrocoagulation for textile dye removals.