铁掺杂介孔氧化硅-石墨化炭复合物对橙黄Ⅱ的吸附

利用水热法合成铁掺杂介孔氧化硅-石墨化炭复合物(Fe MS),并对其进行结构表征,发现其具有介孔结构,且高铁含量的Fe MS含有明显的石墨化炭物种.比较了传统吸附剂活性炭、SBA-15及Fe MS分别对橙黄Ⅱ的吸附性能,考察了初始p H、投加量、初始浓度、吸附时间对吸附的影响,并对吸附过程进行了动力学研究和吸附等温模型的模拟.结果表明:Fe MS对橙黄Ⅱ有很好的吸附性能,且高铁含量的Fe MS吸附量优于低铁含量;Fe MS吸附橙黄Ⅱ的最佳p H值为7,最高吸附量能达到1108 mg·g-1;初始浓度对橙黄Ⅱ吸附效率有明显的影响;对低浓度的橙黄Ⅱ,可在120 min内达到吸附平衡;Fe MS对橙黄Ⅱ的吸附动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型;Fe MS对低浓度橙黄Ⅱ的吸附符合Henry等温模型,饱和吸附量与橙黄Ⅱ的浓度有关.     

Hydroxyl radical concentration profile in photo-Fenton oxidation process: generation and consumption of hydroxyl radicals during the discoloration of azo-dye Orange II

Dynamic behaviors of hydroxyl (OH) radical generation and consumption in photo-Fenton oxidation process were investigated by measuring OH radical concentration during the discoloration of azo-dye Orange II. The effects of operating parameters for photo-Fenton discoloration, i.e. dosages of H₂O₂ and Fe, initial dye concentration, solution pH and UV irradiation, on the generation and consumption of OH radicals playing the main role in advanced oxidation processes were extensively studied. The scavenger probe or trapping technique in which coumarin is scavenger of OH radical was applied to estimate OH radical concentration in the photoreactor during the photo-Fenton discoloration process. The OH radical generation was enhanced with increasing the dosages of Fenton regents, H₂O₂ and Fe. At the initial stage of photo-Fenton discoloration of Orange II, the OH radical concentration rapidly increased (Phase-I) and the OH radical concentration decreased after reaching of OH radical concentration at maximum value (Phase-II). The decrease in OH radical concentration started when the complete discoloration of Orange II was nearly achieved and the H₂O₂ concentration became rather low. The dynamic behavior of OH radical concentration during the discoloration of Orange II was found to be strongly linked with the change in H₂O₂ concentration. The generation of OH radical was maximum at solution pH of 3.0 and decreased with an increase of solution pH. The OH radical generation rate in the Fenton Process was rather slower than that in the photo-Fenton process.     

Assessing exposure to allied ground troops in the Vietnam War: A quantitative evaluation of the Stellman Exposure Opportunity Index model

The Exposure Opportunity Index (EOI) is a proximity-based model developed to estimate relative exposure of ground troops in Vietnam to aerially applied herbicides. We conducted a detailed quantitative evaluation of the EOI model by using actual herbicide spray missions isolated in time and space. EOI scores were calculated for each of 36 hypothetical receptor location points associated with each spray mission for 30 herbicide missions for two time periods – day of herbicide application and day 2–3 post-application. Our analysis found an enormous range of EOI predictions with 500–1000-fold differences across missions directly under the flight path. This quantitative examination of the EOI suggests that extensive testing of the model’s code is warranted. Researchers undertaking development of a proximity-based exposure model for epidemiologic studies of either Vietnam veterans or the Vietnamese population should conduct a thorough and realistic analysis of how precise and accurate the model results are likely to be and then assess whether the model results provide a useful basis for their planned epidemiologic studies.     

Fe~(3+)及Ce~(3+)掺杂对TiO_2纳米粒子性能的影响

以溶胶-凝胶法制备纯的和分别掺杂Fe3+、Ce3+的TiO2纳米粒子,以橙黄IV的光催化氧化评价纳米粒子的紫外光与可见光活性,利用TG-DSC、XRD、BET及UV-Vis吸收光谱考察掺杂对TiO2的相变、粒径、比表面积及光吸收性能的影响,在归一化条件下探讨Fe3+及Ce3+掺杂对TiO2活性和表面性质产生影响的机制。结果表明:Fe3+及Ce3+的最佳掺杂量分别为0.2%和0.04%;Ce3+抑制TiO2由锐钛矿向金红石转变以及改善TiO2高温组织稳定性的能力均明显大于Fe3+;Fe3+和Ce3+掺杂均能提高TiO2的紫外光活性并扩展TiO2的光响应范围,但光生电子与空穴复合以及光腐蚀使它们对TiO2可见光活性的提高并不显著。Fe3+和Ce3+的半径及其相应氧化物的性质决定了两者对TiO2性能的不同影响。     

Citrus essential oils and their influence on the anaerobic digestion process: An overview

Citrus waste accounts for more than half of the whole fruit when processed for juice extraction. Among valorisation possibilities, anaerobic digestion for methane generation appears to be the most technically feasible and environmentally friendly alternative. However, citrus essential oils can inhibit this biological process. In this paper, the characteristics of citrus essential oils, as well as the mechanisms of their antimicrobial effects and potential adaptation mechanisms are reviewed. Previous studies of anaerobic digestion of citrus waste under different conditions are presented; however, some controversy exists regarding the limiting dosage of limonene for a stable process (24–192 mg of citrus essential oil per liter of digester and day). Successful strategies to avoid process inhibition by citrus essential oils are based either on recovery or removal of the limonene, by extraction or fungal pre-treatment respectively.     

针铁矿/H_2O_2体系对染料橙黄Ⅱ光化学脱色的实验研究

以针铁矿(α-FeOOH)为光催化剂,在金属卤灯(λ≥365 nm)照射下,对α-FeOOH与H2O2组成的非均相Fenton体系内橙黄Ⅱ的脱色进行了研究。考察了初始pH值、α-FeOOH用量、H2O2浓度和反应时间对橙黄Ⅱ脱色过程的影响。结果表明,在α-FeOOH用量为0.3 g/L,H2O2浓度为6 mmol/L,pH 3.0时,橙黄Ⅱ的脱色效果最好,光照90 min后脱色率达到99.4%。橙黄Ⅱ的光降解反应动力学符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)动力学方程。对不同时间溶液中的总有机碳(TOC)监测,结果表明体系中橙黄Ⅱ的矿化率较低,通过对溶液中铁(Fe2+和总铁)溶出的测定,说明可能的反应涉及针铁矿表面的铁循环。     

Characteristics of gas-liquid pulsed discharge plasma reactor and dye decoloration efficiency

The pulsed high-voltage discharge is a new advanced oxidation technology for water treatment. Methyl Orange (MO) dye wastewater was chosen as the target object. Some investigations were conducted on MO decoloration including the discharge characteristics of the multi-needle reactor, parameter optimization, and the degradation mechanism. The following results were obtained. The color group of the azo dye MO was effectively decomposed by water surface plasma. The decoloration rate was promoted with the increase of treatment time, peak voltage, and pulse frequency. When the initial conductivity was 1700 μS/cm, the decoloration rate was the highest. The optimum distance between the needle electrodes and the water surface was 1 mm, the distance between the grounding electrode and the water surface was 28 mm, and the number of needle electrodes and spacing between needles were 24 and 7.5 mm, respectively. The decoloration rate of MO was affected by the gas in the reactor and varied in the order oxygen > air> argon > nitrogen, and the energy yield obtained in this investigation was 0.45 g/kWh.     

Emission of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) during the aerobic decomposition of orange wastes

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs) emitted from orange wastes during aerobic decomposition were investigated in a laboratory-controlled incubator for a period of two months. Emission of total OVOCs(TOVOCs) from orange wastes reached 1714 mg/dry kg(330 mg/wet kg). Ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, 2-butanone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant OVOC species with shares of 26.9%, 24.8%, 20.3%, 13.9%, 2.8%and 2.5%, respectively, in the TOVOCs released. The emission fluxes of the above top five OVOCs were quite trivial in the beginning but increased sharply to form one "peak emission window" with maximums at days 1–8 until leveling off after 10 days. This type of "peak emission window" was synchronized with the CO2 fluxes and incubation temperature of the orange wastes, indicating that released OVOCs were mainly derived from secondary metabolites of orange substrates through biotic processes rather than abiotic processes or primary volatilization of the inherent pool in oranges. Acetaldehyde instead had emission fluxes decreasing sharply from its initial maximum to nearly zero in about four days,suggesting that it was inherent rather than secondarily formed. For TOVOCs or all OVOC species except 2-butanone and acetone, over 80% of their emissions occurred during the first week, implying that organic wastes might give off a considerable amount of OVOCs during the early disposal period under aerobic conditions.     

Semi-continuous anaerobic co-digestion of orange peel waste and residual glycerol derived from biodiesel manufacturing

The manufacturing of orange juice generates high volumes of orange peel waste which should not be deposited in landfill according to current recommendations. Furthermore, glycerol is a compound co-generated in biodiesel manufacturing, but the volume generated is higher than the current demand for pure glycerol. The anaerobic co-digestion of orange peel waste with residual glycerol could reduce the inhibitory effect of some compounds and provide a correct nutrient balance. Under mesophilic temperature and semi-continuous conditions, a mixture of orange peel waste-residual glycerol of 1:1 (in COD) operated favorably for organic loads up to 2.10 g VS/L. At higher organic loads, the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and a decrease in the pH caused process destabilization. The methane yield coefficient was quite constant, with a mean value of 330 ± 51 mL_STP/g VS_added, while the organic loading rate (OLR) reached a mean value of 1.91 ± 0.37 kg VS/m³ d (17.59 ± 2.78 kg mixture/m³ d) and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) varied in a range of 8.5–30.0 d.     

Sn(Ⅳ)掺杂纳米TiO2/AC降解橙黄G的动力学与机理研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了掺杂Sn(Ⅳ)的TiO2/AC光催化剂,以生物染料橙黄G为目标降解物,研究了多相光催化降解橙黄G的动力学规律.研究表明,该反应符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程,速控步为吸附反应.同时,利用GC/MS联用仪探讨了橙黄的中间产物及其降解机理:橙黄G在强氧化性自由基·OH、·OOH、·O2-的作用下逐渐分解氧化为小分子有机醛、酮、酸,最后转化为CO2、NH4 、NO3-、NO2-、SO42-和H2O等无机小分子.