An international survey of decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) and decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) in sewage sludge samples

Decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) is an additive flame retardant marketed as a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE). The structures of the two chemicals are similar, and hence deBDethane may also become an environmental contaminant of concern. Environmental data on deBDethane are scarce. Since sewage sludge is an early indicator of leakage of these chemicals into the environment, an international survey of deBDethane and decaBDE levels in sludge was conducted. Samples were collected from 42 WWTPs in 12 different countries and analyzed with GC/LRMS. DeBDethane was present in sludge from all countries and may therefore be a worldwide concern. The levels of deBDethane in sludge samples from the Ruhr area of Germany were the highest so far reported in the literature (216 ng g⁻¹ d.wt.). The [deBDethane]/[decaBDE] quotient for the whole data set ranged from 0.0018 to 0.83. High ratios were found in and around Germany where deBDethane imports are known to have been high and substitution of decaBDE with deBDethane is likely to have occurred. Low ratios were found in the USA and the UK, countries that have traditionally been large users of decaBDE. An estimate of the flux of deBDEthane from the technosphere via WWTPs to the environment within the European Union gave 1.7 ± 0.34 mg annually per person. The corresponding value for decaBDE was 41 ± 22 mg annually per person.     

气相色谱法测定废水和废气中N′,N-二甲基甲酰胺

以气相色谱石英毛细管柱分离、ＦＩＤ检测,测定废水和废气中Ｎ′,Ｎ－二甲基甲酰胺（ＤＭＦ）。在１０ｍｇ／Ｌ～１８８１０ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内有良好的线性关系。检测限：废水为０５ｍｇ／Ｌ;废气为０８ｍｇ／ｍ３。样品测定的相对标准差为４％～８％,回收率在７６％～１１２％之间,精密度和准确度均较好     

化学需氧量在造纸废水中分布规律及采样点位的优化

目前对造纸废水的监测通常采取随机取样,很少考虑污染物在废水中的分布情况,所以取得的样品很难反映污染物的实际排放情况。为此,通过对某造纸厂排废废水中化学需氧量分布夫妻及采样点位的优化研究。     

硼氢化钾吹气—分光光度法测定污水中硫化物

污水样品用硼氢化钾片剂酸性氢化反应,使硫化物同酸作用转化为Ｈ２Ｓ,并被氢气吹出,以ＮａＯＨ溶液吸收,再用对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定。为了应急监测,研制了ＬＳ－１型硫化物快速测试预装置,配用ＤＲ／２０００型便携式分光光度计,可在现场进行了水中硫化物的快速监测。．     

二氯荧光黄为指示剂的硝酸银滴定法测定废水中氯化物

采用以二氯荧光黄为指示剂的硝酸银滴定法测定废水中氯化物。优化实验条件后,以该法测定质控样,相对误差-1.30%～2.70%,相对标准偏差0.10%～0.14%,加标回收率约为98%。用该法测定废水中氯化物是合理可行的。     

生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气新标准可达性分析

对《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485—2001)和《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485—2014)中各项指标的排放限值作比较,并探讨了二噁英、重金属、酸性气体、烟尘、碳氧化物等烟气污染物的控制措施。结合2010—2014年浙江省部分生活垃圾焚烧厂"三同时"验收废气监测数据,对排放指标的达标情况作分析,结果表明,采用"3T+E"焚烧工艺+SNCR脱硝+半干法脱酸+活性炭喷射+布袋除尘器除尘的烟气污染控制技术,可以同时满足脱氮、脱酸、除尘,以及去除重金属和二噁英的要求。     

典型钢铁企业汞排放水平及排放特征研究

以某典型钢铁企业为研究对象,测定企业废气、废水、固废汞排放水平,并分析汞排放特征。研究表明,球团、烧结、高炉工艺废气排口烟尘中汞排放浓度和排放速率明显低于烟气;汞主要以气态形式排放,烧结工艺排口废气汞最高浓度分别是其他2个排口的7倍和3倍。球团、烧结、高炉、电炉四工艺环节中,烧结汞排放速率占四工艺汞排放速率总和的87%。半干法脱硫、氨法脱硫、石灰石石膏脱硫对废气中汞的去除效率分别为90.0%、78.7%和29.9%。企业废水排放未检出汞,脱硫产生固废汞含量明显高于除尘产生固废汞含量,脱硫灰汞含量是脱硫石膏的15倍。     

废水污染物排放总量控制监测技术路线及要求

从中国污染物宏观控制目标出发,阐述了中国实施废水污染物排放总量控制监测的技术路线、监测项目以及相关技术要求。对污染物排放总量控制监测分析方法的应用、采样及测流等有关技术问题,提出了见解。以１９９８年污染源调查统计资料为例,提出了污染物排放总量控制监测方案及有关监测质量的保证措施。     

过氯乙烯滤膜采样-酸消解-钼蓝光度法测定磷酸雾

建立了过氯乙烯滤膜采样 -酸消解 -钼蓝分光光度法测定磷化车间磷酸雾的监测方法。实验室模拟采样的捕集效率为 95 7%～ 99 1 %。单个实验室对含 5μg和 1 5μg样品进行多次测定 ,其相对标准差小于 5% ,样品加标回收率为 98 2 %～ 1 0 0 5% ,方法检测限为 0 0 0 7mg/m3。对标样测定 ,结果均在给定值范围内。用该法与等离子发射光谱法(ICP)对 5个样品进行比对测定 ,结果均令人满意。     

Policy implementation of the Republic Act (RA) No. 9003 in the Philippines: A case study of Cebu city

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is considered to be one of the most serious environmental issues in the Philippines. The annual waste generation was estimated at 10.6 million tonnes in 2012 and this is expected to double in 2025. The Republic Act (RA) No. 9003, widely known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, provides the required policy framework, institutional mechanisms and mandate to the Local Government Units (LGUs) to achieve 25% waste reduction target through establishing an integrated solid waste management plan based on the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycling). Although the initial impact of the LGUs is still very limited in implementing the national mandate, this article highlights the successful experiences of Cebu, the second largest city in the Philippines, in reducing its MSW generation by more than 30% in the past three years. This study also explores the implementation process, innovative actions taken by the Cebu City Government in implementing the national mandate at local level and identifies the factors that influence the policy implementation. The findings suggest that the impacts of the national mandate can be achieved if the LGUs have the high degree of political commitment, planning and development of effective local strategies in a collaborative manner to meet with local conditions, partnership building with other stakeholders, capacity development, adequate financing and incentives, and in the close monitoring and evaluation of performance.