区域分异视角下乡村企业入城意愿分析——基于浙、豫、川三省193家企业的实证研究

乡村企业入城是实现我国城镇化发展的基本路径。利用浙江、河南、四川三省193家乡村企业的实地调查数据,运用多元有序Logistic回归模型进行相关验证,实证分析我国东中西部三个省份的乡村企业入城意愿及其影响因素。通过对调研数据的描述统计发现:有58.55%的乡村企业主有入城意愿,仅有21.24%的乡村企业主不愿意或非常不愿意搬迁,集群环境、土地价格、运输成本等是企业愿意搬迁的主要原因,土地价格政策、当地经济发展水平、产品产销信息、集群环境是影响企业搬迁方向的重要因素,当地的土地、税收和融资等政府政策对于企业是否入城产生重要影响。通过多元有序Logistic回归模型估计结果表明:企业总资产、土地价格、运输成本、集群环境、与政府关系对入城意愿有显著负向影响,税收政策有显著正向影响,这些影响因素主要是通过影响企业的显性成本(土地价格、运输成本),以及企业的交易成本、寻租成本等隐性成本(集群环境、与政府关系和税收政策),进而影响企业的迁移意愿,且浙江、河南与四川三地计量结果差异显著。在上述研究的基础上,本文提出相应的政策建议。     

Review,assessment and recommendations on environmental policies in Western China

Reviewing the existing environmental policies in Western China,we find that:in time sequence,the characteristics of China's western environmental policies shift from"development drive governance"to the full implementation of environmental protection and construction;and in spatial sequence,the ecological,social,and economic development of Western China reach to coordination through the nature reserve setting,ecological migrants,fiscal transfer payment and differentiated ecological environmental policies.Due to the implementation of the policies and projects,environmental degradation trends in the western ecological environment were alleviated significantly,the living conditions of farmers and herdsmen were improved,and many successful experiences were explored.However,future ecological environmental construction in Western China requires further improvement in integrated planning,eco-compensation mechanism,and policy assessment.This paper concludes with specific recommendations such as drawing up ecological environment construction planning,strengthening environmental law enforcement and incentive mechanisms,improving policy assessment and scientific support,enhancing environmental protection capacity,improving eco-compensation mechanism,and refining the environmental policies for key areas.     

A western gray whale mitigation and monitoring program for a 3-D seismic survey, Sakhalin Island, Russia

The introduction of anthropogenic sounds into the marine environment can impact some marine mammals. Impacts can be greatly reduced if appropriate mitigation measures and monitoring are implemented. This paper concerns such measures undertaken by Exxon Neftegas Limited, as operator of the Sakhalin-1 Consortium, during the Odoptu 3-D seismic survey conducted during 17 August–9 September 2001. The key environmental issue was protection of the critically endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), which feeds in summer and fall primarily in the Piltun feeding area off northeast Sakhalin Island. Existing mitigation and monitoring practices for seismic surveys in other jurisdictions were evaluated to identify best practices for reducing impacts on feeding activity by western gray whales. Two buffer zones were established to protect whales from physical injury or undue disturbance during feeding. A 1 km buffer protected all whales from exposure to levels of sound energy potentially capable of producing physical injury. A 4–5 km buffer was established to avoid displacing western gray whales from feeding areas. Trained Marine Mammal Observers (MMOs) on the seismic ship Nordic Explorer had the authority to shut down the air guns if whales were sighted within these buffers. Additional mitigation measures were also incorporated: Temporal mitigation was provided by rescheduling the program from June–August to August–September to avoid interference with spring arrival of migrating gray whales. The survey area was reduced by 19% to avoid certain waters <20 m deep where feeding whales concentrated and where seismic acquisition was a lower priority. The number of air guns and total volume of the air guns were reduced by about half (from 28 to 14 air guns and from 3,390 in³ to 1,640 in³) relative to initial plans. “Ramp-up” (=“soft-start”) procedures were implemented. Monitoring activities were conducted as needed to implement some mitigation measures, and to assess residual impacts. Aerial and vessel-based surveys determined the distribution of whales before, during and after the seismic survey. Daily aerial reconnaissance helped verify whale-free areas and select the sequence of seismic lines to be surveyed. A scout vessel with MMOs aboard was positioned 4 km shoreward of the active seismic vessel to provide better visual coverage of the 4–5 km buffer and to help define the inshore edge of the 4–5 km buffer. A second scout vessel remained near the seismic vessel. Shore-based observers determined whale numbers, distribution, and behavior during and after the seismic survey. Acoustic monitoring documented received sound levels near and in the main whale feeding area. Statistical analyses of aerial survey data indicated that about 5–10 gray whales moved away from waters near (inshore of) the seismic survey during seismic operations. They shifted into the core gray whale feeding area farther south, and the proportion of gray whales observed feeding did not change over the study period. Five shutdowns of the air guns were invoked for gray whales seen within or near the buffer. A previously unknown gray whale feeding area (the Offshore feeding area) was discovered south and offshore from the nearshore Piltun feeding area. The Offshore area has subsequently been shown to be used by feeding gray whales during several years when no anthropogenic activity occurred near the Piltun feeding area. Shore-based counts indicated that whales continued to feed inshore of the Odoptu block throughout the seismic survey, with no significant correlation between gray whale abundance and seismic activity. Average values of most behavioral parameters were similar to those without seismic surveys. Univariate analysis showed no correlation between seismic sound levels and any behavioral parameter. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, after allowance for environmental covariates, 5 of 11 behavioral parameters were statistically correlated with estimated seismic survey-related variables; 6 of 11 behavioral parameters were not statistically correlated with seismic survey-related variables. Behavioral parameters that were correlated with seismic variables were transient and within the range of variation attributable to environmental effects. Acoustic monitoring determined that the 4–5 km buffer zone, in conjunction with reduction of the air gun array to 14 guns and 1,640 in³, was effective in limiting sound exposure. Within the Piltun feeding area, these mitigation measures were designed to insure that western gray whales were not exposed to received levels exceeding the 163 dB re 1 μPa (rms) threshold. This was among the most complex and intensive mitigation programs ever conducted for any marine mammal. It provided valuable new information about underwater sounds and gray whale responses during a nearshore seismic program that will be useful in planning future work. Overall, the efforts in 2001 were successful in reducing impacts to levels tolerable by western gray whales. Research in 2002–2005 suggested no biologically significant or population-level impacts of the 2001 seismic survey. M. W. Newcomer is deceased.     

加强区域性中心城市建设在西部大开发中的作用

在分析区域性中心城市的条件和作用的基础上,针对目前西部区域城市发展体系的严重不完备,强调培育功能健全,经济发达,具有相当规模的区域性中心城市在实施西部大开发中的重要性与迫切性。     

Anthropogenic input of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into five lakes in Western China

The temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was examined in dated sediments from five lakes in Western China. The surficial concentrations of seven carcinogenic PAHs (BaA, Chyr, BbF, BkF, BaP, DBA and INP, hereafter denoted as PAH₇) were highly site-specific. The ΣPAH₇ concentrations generally increased from the deep layers to surface sediments. The temporal trends of ΣPAH₇ concentrations were clearly different from those reported in developed countries. From 1950s to 1980s, which PAHs started to decrease in developed countries, is the right period that PAHs started to increase rapidly in Western China. The fluxes and mass inventories suggest that the PAH₇ input over the past three decades was much more rapidly than it was before the 1980s. Source identification indicates that the PAHs were primarily from biomass burning and domestic coal combustion, and increasing vehicular and/or industrial coal combustion emission was also found.     

The detection of dioxin- and estrogen-like pollutants in marine and freshwater fishes cultivated in Pearl River Delta, China

In this study we aimed to assess the dioxin- and estrogen-like activities of contaminants extracted from twenty species of freshwater and seawater fishes, using luciferase reporter assays. Transfected MCF7 cells were treated with sample extracts and luciferase activities were then measured at 24-h of post-treatment. The mean values of the detected dioxin- and estrogen-like activities in the freshwater fishes were 25.3 pg TEQ/g ww and 102.3 pM EEQ/g ww whereas in the seawater fishes, the values were 46.2 pg TEQ/g ww and 118.8 pM EEQ/g ww. Using sample-relevant dosage of estrogen, inductions of cell proliferation markers (i.e. retinoblastoma, cyclin D) and stimulations of cell growth were revealed by Western blotting, colony formation and BrdU uptake assays. A cotreatment with TCDD significantly reduced these effects. Using the sample extracts with different dioxin- and estrogen-like activities, similar observation was revealed. The data highlighted the mixture effect of food contaminants on human health.     

西辽河流域沙土对氨氮的吸附行为研究

采用小型回填式土柱动态吸附实验方法研究了西辽河流域沙土对氨氮的吸附行为。结果表明,西辽河流域沙土对氨氮的吸附行为符合Freundlich吸附等温式和Langmuir吸附等温式,最优模型为Langmuir吸附方程;西辽河流域沙土对氨氮的饱和吸附量在573.81～3 666.16 mg/kg之间,平均为1 733.83 mg/kg。吸附分配系数k在3.13～524.55之间,平均为93.47;沙土对氨氮的吸附方式以化学吸附为主,解吸可逆性较弱。被吸附的氨氮解吸淋失的环境风险较小;沙土氨氮饱和吸附量与土壤有机质含量、粘粒含量和粗粘粒含量呈极显著正相关,影响程度顺序为:有机质含量>粘粒含量>粗粘粒含量;不同利用结构沙土的氨氮饱和吸附量:林地(2 053.87 mg/kg)>农田(1 990.40 mg/kg)>草地(1 356.37 mg/kg)>沙荒地(813.30 mg/kg);农田、林地和草地结构由于土壤有机质和团聚体含量较高,对氨氮的固持能力较强,氨氮流失的环境风险较小,沙荒地结构对氨氮的固持能力最弱。氨氮流失的环境风险最大。     

西辽河沉积物中不同粒径微团聚体磷的解吸特征

采用平衡解吸法研究了西辽河沉积物不同粒径微团聚体磷的解吸特征.结果表明,不同粒径团聚体磷的解吸比例为黏粒(0.20)<粉粒(0.28)<细砂(0.45)<粗砂(0.93);其原因为:细粒级微团聚体中腐殖质含量远远高于粗粒级;细粒级微团聚体中有机质是通过可溶有机质与黏土矿物相互结合形成复合体而富集,在其所形成的复合体团聚结构中引起的团聚体结构不可逆形变是导致磷的解吸比例降低,解吸迟滞性指数增大的根本原因;西辽河冲泻质泥沙黏粒和粉粒级微团聚体所携载的可解吸态磷(NAP)入海后可分别为上覆水提供磷(212.93±38.60)mg/kg,(159.45±31.44)mg/kg.沉积物黏粒级和粉粒级微团聚体所携载的NAP是磷素循环的重要组成部分.     

盐生杜氏藻3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶不同结构域蛋白的表达纯化及其抗体的制备与分析

盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)是迄今为止世界上发现的最耐盐的真核光合生物,而甘油是盐藻用于调节细胞内外渗透压变化的关键调渗物质.3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(GPDH)是盐生杜氏藻甘油合成途径中的关键酶.与已经报道的其它物种的GPDH基因不同,盐生杜氏藻3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(Ds.GPDH)基因具有两个独立的功能结构域,即丝氨酸磷酸化酶结构域(SGPP domain)和3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶结构域(GPD domain).本实验在已克隆的Ds.GPDH2基因的基础上,以含GPDH2全基因序列的T质粒载体(pMD18-T-GPDH2)为模板,PCR扩增分别得到两个单结构域片段(SGPP与GPD),以及双结构域片段(GPDH),构建了pET32a-SGPP、pET32a-GPD和pET32a-GPDH三种原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中成功表达.纯化蛋白制备抗原,制备出3个多克隆抗体.Western Blot和交叉反应分析显示通过重组蛋白制备的多克隆抗体具有很高的特异性.图7参16     

川西高原积雪稳定性分布格局及其驱动因子分析

在气候变暖的背景下,川西高原积雪出现剧烈变化,对地区水循环过程、生态系统以及社会经济带来严重影响。基于MODIS积雪遥感数据以及环境因子数据,通过构建稳定度指标及最大熵模型探讨川西高原不同稳定性积雪的空间分布格局及其驱动因子,并对不同稳定性积雪的适宜分布区进行分析,结果表明：（1）川西高原大多数地区的积雪属于高度不稳定性积雪,其他稳定性积雪在川西高原分布面积较小;（2）川西高原积雪在海拔越高的地方稳定性越好;（3）不同稳定性积雪分布格局的影响因素存在差异,海拔和降水是影响稳定性积雪分布格局的主要因素。