Bioaccumulation of selenium from natural geologic sources in western states and its potential consequences

Ecological impacts of water-quality problems have developed in the western United States resulting from the disposal of seleniferous agricultural wastewater in wetland areas. Overt effects of selenium toxicosis occurred at five areas where deformities of wild aquatic birds were similar to those first observed at Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge in the west-central San Joaquin Valley of California. These areas are: Tulare Lake Bed Area, California, Middle Green River Basin, Utah, Kendrick Reclamation Project Area, Wyoming, Sun River Basin, Montana, and Stillwater Wildlife Management Area, Nevada. Potential for ecological damage is indicated at six more sites in Oregon, Colorado, the Colorado/Kansas border, and South Dakota out of 16 areas in 11 states where biological tissue data were collected. This conclusion is based on the fact that selenium bioaccumulated in bird livers to median levels that had exceeded or were in the range associated with adverse reproductive effects. Selenium concentrations in samples of fish and bird eggs support these conclusions at a majority of these areas. Reason for concern is also given for the lower Colorado River Valley, although this is not exclusively a conclusion from these reconnaissance data. Biogeochemical conditions and the extent of selenium contamination of water, bottom sediment, and biota from which this assessment was made are given here. In a companion paper, the biogeochemical pathway postulated for selenium contamination to take place from natural geologic sources to aquatic wildlife is defined.     

中国西部地区旅游开发对策研究

我国西部旅游资源具有巨大的开发潜力,但旅游发展受到多方面的限制.旅游整合开发战略是在科学分析西部地区旅游发展优势和局限因素的基础上提出的科学决策,对西部旅游开发具有切实的指导意义.西部应着重以下工作:吸引资金,重视人才,实行政府主导型开发;改善基础设施落后面貌,做好旅游营销和宣传工作;增加资源开发的深度与广度,合理规划旅游路线,开发旅游商品;科学规划,加强监测,实行生态保护.     

Differential predator escape performance contributes to a latitudinal sex ratio cline in a migratory shorebird

Sexual segregation outside the mating season is common in vertebrates, and has been attributed to sexual differences in predator escape performance in ungulates and fish, but not in birds. Here, we tested the hypothesis that sex- and latitude-specific predator escape performance underlies the differential nonbreeding distribution of western sandpipers (Calidris mauri), a migratory shorebird. Females overwinter further south along the American Pacific coast, creating a latitudinal cline in sex ratio. Escape performance is reduced with increasing body mass, and birds generally carry less fat further south. Western sandpipers with poor escape performance were therefore predicted to prefer southern sites to reduce the risk of mortality posed by predators. Data from four nonbreeding latitudes showed that wing loading, used as an index of escape performance, was overall higher for females, and that it decreased with latitude in both sexes. Within latitudes, wing loading was lower at smaller, and presumably more dangerous, sites. Flight response to a predatory attack was longer in the south. Mortality risk offers a novel and candidate explanation for differential distribution patterns in western sandpipers and possibly other avian migrants.     

Female dispersal and reproductive success in wild western lowland gorillas (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gorilla gorilla gorilla</Emphasis>)

This paper presents data on the dispersal patterns and reproductive success of western lowland gorilla females from a long-term study at Mbeli Bai in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, Republic of Congo. We find that female natal and secondary transfer is common. Female immigration rates are negatively related to group size, and emigration rates are positively related to group size, with the net result that larger groups are losing females and smaller groups are gaining females. Furthermore, females transferring between known groups show a preference for significantly smaller groups. However, there is no effect of group size on female reproductive success. Male protection and male quality are considered important in determining female transfer decisions. The case for infanticide is argued and females exhibit strategies that appear to minimise the probability of infanticide following the death of the silverback. Exclusively single-male groups and group formation through female acquisition by solitary males may bias female transfer to lone silverbacks and small groups. The effects of group size on female dispersal and reproductive success are not wholly consistent with an argument for increased foraging costs, and group size effects are more parsimoniously explained by demographic factors. Male protection from intra-group aggression is the most likely factor underlying grouping patterns across gorilla taxa, but differences in population structure and male reproductive strategies may account for inter-specific variation. We stress the need for intra-specific comparisons and more complete data sets on western lowland gorilla feeding behaviour.Communicated by S. Boinski     

小麦蛋白翻译起始因子5A(eIF5A)表达载体构建及原核表达

真核生物的翻译起始因子5A(eIF5A)是调控生物生长发育、衰老及环境适应等的重要因子.在对小麦eIF5A基因进行克隆和序列分析的基础上,成功构建了小麦蛋白翻译起始因子5A(eIF5A)的表达载体pET28a( )-eIF5A,并且经IPTG的诱导进行了原核表达,结果表明,eIF5A能够体外高效表达;进一步的Western blot分析表明,所表达的约18×103特异蛋白确为小麦eIF5A蛋白.图4参19     

松嫩平原西部稻田回归水中污染物的输出规律

对松嫩平原西部稻田回归水中盐分及N、P的可溶态、颗粒吸附态进行了分析。结果表明，洗盐水中主要污染物浓度相比灌溉水均明显增加，特别是Na^ 、HCO3^-等；随洗盐次数增加，洗盐排水中盐分等污染物浓度呈降低趋势。第2次洗盐排水中盐分、NO3^--N、TP、PO4^3--P浓度相比第1次分别降低了4％－50％、72％－92％、805－98％、9％－84％；洗盐水中盐分以可溶态为主，P以悬浮态为主，N的规律不明显，且N、P的形态变化受洗盐水中悬浮颗粒物及胶体多少的影响很大；洗盐回归水中污染物含量主要取决于土壤中的含盐量，耕作历史对其影响不明显，河水灌区回归水中Na^ 、HCO3^-一般低于井水灌区；生长季稻田回归水中污染物浓度受降雨、施肥等影响变化较大，但生长季回归水中可溶盐离子含量均明显低于泡田期。     

黄海西部大气湿沉降(降水)的离子平衡及离子组成研究

对黄海西部的千里岩、青岛的麦岛两个降水采样点１９９７、１９９８两年收集的１１３个降水样品进行了分析,测定了Ｈ＾＋、ＮＨ４＾＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｎａ＾＋、Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｆ＾－、Ｃ１＾－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＳＯ４＾２－共１０种离子成分的含量。计算了阴离子和阳离子的浓度总量,考察了∑－／∑＋值,对所８测１０种离子的含量顺序进行了探讨。结果表明：１１０个样品离子平衡（∑－／∑＋在０．７５～１．２５之间）,３个     

微囊藻毒素和温度对萼花臂尾轮虫热激蛋白Hsp70水平的影响

微囊藻毒素(MCs)是由有毒蓝藻(尤其是铜绿微囊藻)产生的一类藻毒素,可对水生生物和人类健康造成严重危害,然而目前有关浮游动物对MC-LR胁迫的应激响应研究较为少见.因此,本文探究了微囊藻毒素MC-LR和温度对采自青海西宁的萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)热激蛋白Hsp70水平的影响.结果表明,温度、MC-LR及其交互作用对萼花臂尾轮虫Hsp70含量具有显著影响.在各温度条件下,MC-LR均诱导了轮虫Hsp70水平的上调;虽然Hsp70的表达水平在低剂量MC-LR处理下上调不显著,但在高剂量MC-LR(6 mg·L-1)处理下上调却极为显著;另外,以24℃处理为对照组,在20和28℃温度胁迫下各MC-LR处理组轮虫的Hsp70含量均显著增加,但16℃实验组与24℃对照组间未见显著差异,这可能与诱导轮虫Hsp70表达的环境温度阈值或机体对低温环境的长期适应性进化和调节机制有关.     

从再生珠边结构论银岩锡矿床的成因

银岩锡矿某些强蚀变矿石广为发育酸性岩浆快速结晶的“组分过冷”现象,具再生珠边结构和再生岛边结构。其中珠点状客晶矿物为黄玉、富锂(绢)云母和锡石等。结合其它典型的宏观、微观地质特征,借鉴国内外有关富挥发分酸性岩体系成岩、成矿实验资料,认为银者锡矿不是传统意义上的斑岩型矿床,应属于广义的云英斑岩矿床。其主体部分,主要是富挥发分、碱金属和成矿元素的低熔熔浆—溶液.在浅成、非平衡环境下、迅速冷凝结晶的直接产物。以此为例,笔者推出云英斑岩矿床的成岩、成矿模式。     

海西区物流发展分析与“轴-辐”物流网络构建

选取城市综合发展状况、 物流市场供需状况、 物流基础支撑条件3方面18个指标构建物流发展综合评价体系,用因子分析法计算城市物流综合竞争力,对结果进行聚类以确定各城市物流发展层次;对行政区进行网格划分,根据各等级铁路、 公路的限制速度并以国道速度为标准分别计算其收缩系数,用ArcGIS Workstation得出网格区域质心到城市的最短相对距离和城市间的最短相对距离,采用场强模型测算网格区域场强值,并对海西区城市间物流引力的大小进行度量。结果表明:衢州、 上饶、 鹰潭、 抚州、 赣州、 梅州处于海西区边缘地带,与沿海其他城市联系较弱,存在一个物流场强低值区;同时受到珠三角、 南昌、 杭州-绍兴为核心的强物流辐射区的影响,海西区物流系统的形成与发展受到限制。最后,论文提出建立以厦门、 福州、 温州为轴,泉州、 汕头为辐,其他设区市为支点,厦门、 福州、 温州、 泉州、 汕头连接线为干线通道的"轴-辐"物流网络。这一物流系统的形成关键在于轴心城市对衢州、 上饶、 鹰潭、 抚州、 赣州、 梅州等外围城市的拉拢。