Effects of Al doping on the structure and properties of goethite and its adsorption behavior towards phosphate

Al substitution in goethite is common in soils, and has strong influence on the structure and physicochemical properties of goethite. In this research, a series of Al-doped goethites were synthesized, and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The adsorption behavior of these samples towards PO₄^3 − was also investigated. Characterization results demonstrated that increasing Al content in goethite led to a reduction in crystallinity, increase in specific surface area (SSA), and morphology change from needle-like to granular. Rietveld structure refinement revealed that the lattice parameter a remained almost constant and b slightly decreased, but c was significantly reduced, and the calculated crystal density increased. EXAFS analysis demonstrated that the Fe(Al)–O distance in the structure of the doped goethites was almost the same, but the Fe–Fe(Al) distance decreased with increasing Al content. Surface analysis showed that, with increasing Al content, the content of OH groups on the mineral surface increased. The adsorption of phosphate per unit mass of Al-doped goethite increased, while adsorption per unit area decreased owing to the decrease of the relative proportion of (110) facets in the total surface area of the minerals. The results of this research facilitate better understanding of the effect of Al substitution on the structure and properties of goethite and the cycling of phosphate in the environment.     

利用浊度分析法研究硅酸对磷酸钙沉淀的影响

磷酸钙沉淀法是从污水中回收磷的最常用的方法之一.本文通过测定溶液浊度的方法研究了钙磷比为2∶1的条件下pH和硅酸对磷酸钙沉淀的影响.结果发现,pH低于6时,短时间内溶液中不能形成磷酸钙沉淀;而pH大于7时,溶液中迅速生成磷酸钙沉淀,且随pH的增加沉淀速度变大.XRD谱图表明,pH=7或8时都生成热力学最稳定的羟基磷酸钙沉淀.7 mg·L-1单硅酸的存在使生成的磷酸钙溶液的初始浊度从10NTU增加到20 NTU,使磷酸钙沉淀速度加倍,说明单硅酸能促进磷酸钙的沉淀速度.而聚硅酸使溶液初始浊度从10 NTU降低到0 NTU,抑制了磷酸钙的沉淀速度,表明不同形态的硅酸对磷酸钙的沉淀速度有不同的影响.XRD谱图表明,硅酸存在时,溶液中除了生成羟基磷酸钙外,还生成其他类型的磷酸钙.     

Oxidation of Toluene on γ-Al2O3 Supported Copper–Manganese Catalysts

Abstract Catalytic incineration of toluene over γ-Al2O3-supported copper–manganese oxide catalysts in the temperature range of 433?K–553?K was investigated using a fixed-bed flow reactor. Catalysts were characterized using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy, temperature-programmed reduction, temperature-programmed oxidation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Incineration of toluene was achieved at temperatures up to 553?K and it was found that the weight ratio of reactants (Cu:Mn) was optimized to be 15:10. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area results had no correlation with the activity of the catalysts. Results of temperature-programmed reduction/temperature-programmed oxidation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the redox peak of the 15Cu-10Mn catalyst shifted at lower temperatures and the binding energy shifted toward higher oxidation levels. These results show that high binding energy and high redox capacity are the causes of...     

Color removal efficiency of dyes using nanozerovalent iron treatment

In this study, zerovalent iron nanoparticles (Fe⁰) were synthesized by chemical reduction method using ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃?·?6H₂O) as a starting material. Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) was used as a reducer. The synthesized nanozerovalent iron (NZVI) was separated using magnets. The X-ray diffraction pattern of iron (Fe) nanoparticles showed that the presence of intensive diffraction peak at 2θ value of 45.33° from the lattice plane of face-centered cubic Fe unequivocally indicates that the particles are made of pure Fe. The size of the synthesized NZVI was found to be 16.64?nm. The scanning electron micrograph revealed that the particles have a hexagonal and spherical shape in nature. EDX showed the surface atomic distribution and chemical composition of NZVI. The decolorization efficiency rose with increasing concentration of nanoparticles as well as with time. Maximal color removal efficiency was 90.72% when using 0.5?g/100?mL Fe nanoparticle for acridine orange. Data revealed that the function of NZVI on color removal efficiency was statistically significant. The correlation coefficient between NZVI concentration and time showed a strong negative correlation for dyes used in the experiment.     

碳黑改性TiO2薄膜光催化剂的结构性质

通过碳黑掺杂制备了改性的TiO₂薄膜光催化剂(CB-TiO₂),并采用液氮吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)和紫外-可见光漫反射光谱(DRS)对催化剂的比表面积、物相、晶粒度和最大激发波长等结构性质进行了表征.结果表明,CB-TiO₂的吸附性能大大改善,不同热处理温度下,BET比表面积增加50%～80%;同时碳黑掺杂能够减小催化剂的晶粒尺度,使相变温度降低.相应的光催化降解试验也表明,碳黑改性TiO₂的活性大大提高,其一级反应速率常数为普通TiO₂的1.5倍.     

生物膜对给水铸铁管腐蚀结垢的影响

采用XRD、XPS对给水铸铁管腐蚀结垢产物进行表征,结合水相中总铁浓度变化规律,研究了生物膜生长对给水铸铁管腐蚀结垢的影响.结果表明,0～7 d时生物膜存在条件下水相中总铁浓度更高,而15～30 d时无生物膜生长的对照组水相中总铁浓度更高.有生物膜生长时,锈垢的XRD图谱主峰为铁氧化物;无生物膜生长时,主峰为CaCO₃,次峰为铁氧化物,表明生物膜的存在会影响锈垢中晶体的生长及组成.7 d时有生物膜生长组锈垢中铁的质量分数更高,而15 d和30 d时对照组锈垢中铁的质量分数更高.有生物膜生长组锈垢中钙的质量分数始终低于对照组,可能是胞外多聚物吸附或微生物生长消耗钙离子所致.上述结果表明,生物膜发育7 d时会促进铸铁管的腐蚀,而发育15～30 d时会抑制铸铁管的腐蚀;存在生物膜生长会对铸铁管锈垢的形态和组成产生重要影响.生物膜对腐蚀的抑制作用为控制配水管网管道的腐蚀提供了一条新的途径.     

Behavior and analysis of Cesium adsorption on montmorillonite mineral

The adsorption of Cs by montmorillonite and the effects of experimental conditions on adsorption were investigated by using ¹³⁴Cs as a radioactive tracer. Additionally, the Cs-adsorbed and the modified montmorillonite were analyzed by X-ray Diffractometer System (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the adsorption of Cs by montmorillonite was efficient in the initial concentration (C₀) of 30 μg/L Cs nitrate solution with 20 g/L montmorillonite at room temperature. In this condition, more than 98% Cs⁺ ions could be adsorbed at pH 8. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 5 min and the relationship between the concentration of Cs⁺ in aqueous solutions and adsorption capacities of Cs⁺ can be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption rate would decrease when temperature increase from 0 °C to 50 °C or in presence of coexistent K⁺, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, while modification by (NH₄)₂SO₄, [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺, [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ or 450 °C could improve the adsorption abilities of montmorillonite for Cs⁺. However, more than 89% of adsorbed Cs⁺ on montmorillonite could be desorbed by 2 mol/L HNO₃ solutions. The XRD and SEM analysis further showed that the structure of the Cs-adsorbed or modified montmorillonite were different from that of the original one.     

贝壳粉型煤固硫剂固硫的实验及机理研究

以贝壳粉作为型煤固硫剂,用正交实验的方法研究了影响贝壳粉固硫率的主要影响因素,在高温(1 150℃)时固硫效率达到56.6%,比CaCO3的固硫率提高40%以上,具有较好的高温固硫性。分析得知,贝壳的主要成分为CaCO3,其含钙量在40%左右,贝壳中又含有较高的Na等碱金属元素以及Fe,Al和Si等。用X射线粉末衍射法分析了高温(1 150℃)型煤样生成的灰渣,分析了贝壳粉作为型煤固硫剂在高温下具有较高固硫率的机理。发现CaAlSi2O8为主的复合晶体在高温下包裹在CaSO4的表面,抑制了CaSO4的热分解从而有效地提高了固硫率。     

改性蛭石结合鸟粪石沉淀法回收垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的实验研究

研究了使用氯化镁改性蛭石,利用磷酸铵镁沉淀的原理,在垃圾渗滤液中按比例加入PO43-,处理垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的同时,在蛭石上生成磷酸铵镁沉淀,以便于磷酸铵镁沉淀的回收利用。结果表明,筛取蛭石粒径为60～80目,配制浓度20%的氯化镁溶液浸泡改性蛭石20 min,取25 g改性蛭石,100 mL垃圾渗滤液调节pH为9,按n(NH4+)∶n(PO34-)=1∶1.2的比例加入PO43-离子,垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除率为85.06%,实验并对磷酸铵镁沉淀进行了结构成分分析,为垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的处理及磷酸铵镁沉淀的回收提供了一种新的方法。     

土壤中铅锌的稳定化处理及机制研究

本研究采用磷酸二氢钾、生石灰、氯化钾以一定比例混合,对铅锌矿区污染土壤进行稳定化处理,并通过TCLP和Tessier连续提取法对稳定化效果进行分析和评价.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对土壤进行形态和结构研究,分析稳定化机制.结果表明,P/Pb摩尔比在2~4,ω(Ca O)/ω(Soil)投加比在0.1%~0.5%,氯化钾投加量在0.02~0.04 mol时,Pb的稳定效率在80%以上,且Pb、Zn浸出浓度远低于标准限值.土壤中铅、锌的稳定化处理主要是将铅、锌从交换态转化为了残渣态,有效地限制了重金属离子的迁移.XRD和SEM分析表明,稳定化处理后形成的Ca-P-Pb沉淀、磷酸铅盐[PbHPO_4、Pb_3(PO_4)_2]、类磷氯铅矿(Pb-PO_4-Cl/OH)及混合重金属沉淀物(Fe-PO_4-Ca-Pb-Zn-OH)相互交联将重金属离子裹缚起来,形成稳定的结构,使得重金属离子难以浸出.