九龙江下游河口水域抗生素及抗性细菌的分布

2011年8月和2012年5月对九龙江下游河口流域中的四环素和氟甲砜霉素的残留进行检测,显示这2种抗生素含量呈现明显的季节性,四环素(8月)和氟甲砜霉素(5月)的平均浓度分别为2.81ng/L和16.28ng/L.同时采用抗生素平板筛选培养法分析得出分析抗性细菌的丰度,得出2011年8月和2012年5月该海域中表层水样中四环素抗性细菌平+均丰度分别为1.14×105和8.41×103cells/mL,氟甲砜霉素抗性细菌的平均丰度分别为1.61×102cells/mL和5.88×102cells/mL.四环素抗性细菌的丰度明显高于氟甲砜霉素抗性细菌.2种抗生素抗性细菌的季节差异与抗生素含量的季节差异一致.2种抗生素抗性细菌的丰度与抗生素浓度均不具有显著相关性,显示九龙江流域水体中抗生素浓度不是决定抗性细菌的丰度的唯一因素.     

Ecological Connections between Gamasid Mites (Arachnida,Gamasoidea) and Small Mammals in Forest Biotopes of the Middle Volga Region

Host specificity of mites with respect to different species of small mammals in forest ecosystems was studied. The preferences of some parasites for certain host species differed from those described previously. In some cases, most parasites preferred to feed on the species that were most numerous in a certain biogeocenosis, rather than on their specific hosts. Conversely, other species of mites fed mostly on their specific hosts, irrespective of their low abundance, thus manifesting close connections with these mammals. Two mite species, Myonyssus dubinini and M. rossicus, were found in the study region for the first time.     

Influence of Postflood Hydrologic Conditions in the Kuibyshev Reservoir on Coastal Communities of Ground Beetles (COLEOPTERA,CARABIDAE)

Long-term stationary investigations on the islands of the Kuibyshev Reservoir have revealed one of the elements of adaptation of communities of ground beetles to extreme conditions created by prolonged floods. In contrast to hydrologic conditions in the reservoir during the flood, small fluctuations in the water level in summer and autumn have a favorable effect on the community of ground beetles of flooded stations, which are actively repopulated after floodwater recession. Under conditions of the heterogeneous environment created in such areas, different species establish relationships that promote their coexistence.     

Ecological Integrity Assessment of Lakes Using Fish Communities: An Example from Traunsee Exposed to Intensive Fishing and to Effluents from the Soda Industry

In order to analyse potential influences of soda industryeffluents on the ecological integrity of Traunsee (TS) weinvestigated the fish community of the lake in comparison witha reference lake (Hallstättersee HS) and used a reconstructionfrom the (older) literature concerning the original speciescomposition of Traunsee. Published `Index of Biotic Integrity(IBI)' metrics were considered to be of limited value due tothe relatively low species number in the oligotrophic, Alpinelake. Therefore we included, in addition to speciescomposition, studies on egg distribution, larval fishdensities, life-history parameters (i.e. growth, maturity,fecundity, age and size composition), stress levels and heavymetal content of the dominant whitefish (Coregonuslavaretus), as well as overall fish density and biomass (usinghydroacoustics) to assess the ecological status of the fishcommunity. Two of the original 18 species have disappearedfrom the lake, presumably in connection with the introductionof non-native eel (Anguilla anguilla) and theconstruction of a power plant in the outflow. Silt from grindedlimestone together with highly alkaline pore waters is emittedvia industrial wastewater from Sodaworks and covers part of thelake bottom. We observed that eggs of whitefish were spawnedmainly in the main inflowing river and close to the shore, thusavoiding the silty areas and making the anticipated damage tothe reproductive potential of whitefish neglectable. This wascorroborated by larval surveys done weekly on both lakes fromJanuary to May, which showed halve the density of whitefishlarvae in TS compared to HS. Estimates of potentially spawningfish from hydroacoustic surveys resulted in a ratio of 1(TS) :3 (HS). Analysis of whitefish revealed that they are growingfaster in TS and have higher fecundity leading to somecompensation of lower abundance. High levels of fishing in TSmight have led to this pattern and to depressed yields asindicated by the age composition. Level of oxidative stress andheavy metal content were not discernible from the referencelake. Therefore we concluded that negative impacts on theecological status of the fish community resulted from fisheriesmismanagement and a power plant situated in the outflow of thelake, considered to have damaged spawning places for somespecies, but not from soda industry effluents.     

Desires and Management Preferences of Stakeholders Regarding Feral Cats in the Hawaiian Islands

Feral cats are abundant in many parts of the world and a source of conservation conflict. Our goal was to clarify the beliefs and desires held by stakeholders regarding feral cat abundance and management. We measured people's desired abundance of feral cats in the Hawaiian Islands and identified an order of preference for 7 feral cat management techniques. In 2011 we disseminated a survey to 5407 Hawaii residents. Approximately 46% of preidentified stakeholders and 20% of random residents responded to the survey (1510 surveys returned). Results from the potential for conflict index revealed a high level of consensus (86.9% of respondents) that feral cat abundance should be decreased. The 3 most common explanatory variables for respondents’ stated desires were enjoyment from seeing feral cats (84%), intrinsic value of feral cats (12%), and threat to native fauna (73%). The frequency with which respondents saw cats and change in the perceived abundance of cats also affected respondent's desired abundance of cats; 41.3% of respondents stated that they saw feral cats daily and 44.7% stated that the cat population had increased in recent years. Other potential environmental impacts of feral cats had little affect on desired abundance. The majority of respondents (78%) supported removing feral cats from the natural environment permanently. Consensus convergence models with data from 1388 respondents who completed the relevant questions showed live capture and lethal injection was the most preferred technique and trap‐neuter‐release was the least preferred technique for managing feral cats. However, the acceptability of each technique varied among stakeholders. Our results suggest that the majority of Hawaii's residents would like to see effective management that reduces the abundance of feral or free‐roaming cats. Deseos y Preferencias de Manejo de las Partes Interesadas con Respecto a los Gatos Ferales en las Islas Hawaianas.     

有机碳对养殖池塘沉积物中反硝化、厌氧氨氧化的影响

养殖沉积物中反硝化作用对于缓解氮污染有重要的作用,沉积物中的反硝化和厌氧氨氧化菌可将化合态氮转变为氮气,从而有效降低污染,有机碳在该过程中有着重要的作用。为了解有机碳对养殖池塘沉积物中反硝化、厌氧氨氧化的影响,采取理化分析和分子生物学分析等方法,以养殖池塘沉积物为基质、人工配水为营养液,添加不同浓度的淀粉,分析120 h内底物亚硝氮(NO-2-N)、硝氮(NO-3-N)、氨氮(NH+4-N)和TOC浓度,并对反硝化、厌氧氨氧化菌群丰度变化和反硝化菌多样性进行分析。结果表明:淀粉浓度在150 mg·L-1时,NO-2-N和NO-3-N的去除率最高,分别达到98.90%和99.86%;NH+4-N去除率在淀粉浓度为50 mg·L-1时最高,为35.98%。随着淀粉浓度的增加,反硝化菌的丰度明显增加,但有机碳对厌氧氨氧化菌群具有抑制作用。当淀粉浓度为150 mg·L-1时,反硝化菌的丰度最大、多样性水平最高、物种数目最大,反硝化细菌优势菌属为未分类的变形菌属和β-变形菌属。     

湖泊底栖动物群落对清淤工程的响应及其重建过程研究：以太湖竺山湾和梅梁湾为例

底栖动物群落组成和结构对清淤工程实施的响应关系是清淤工程论证和实施效果评价关注的焦点问题。以2013—2014年在竺山湾和梅粱湾等西太湖重污染区实施的环保清淤工程为例,通过清淤前后6 a现场采样和室内鉴别,研究了底栖动物群落组成和结构在工程实施前后变化过程及其响应关系。结果表明,环保清淤工程实施前后 (2013—2018年) 共采集到底栖动物共计3门7纲41属 (种) ,竺山湾和梅梁湾总分类单元数由清淤前的20和12分别降为13和8,梅粱湾清淤前Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和Simpson指数分别为1.83、0.82和0.79,清淤后短期内分别降低至1.31、0.59和0.61,清淤6个月后其底栖动物丰度开始恢复,并逐步达到稳定;竺山湾实施清淤后Margalef指数和Pielou指数均值分别由0.006和0.55增加至0.009和0.57。环保清淤短期内对底栖动物群落结构的直接影响为丰度和多度的降低,竺山湾和梅粱湾优势属以水丝蚓属和河蚬为主,竺山湾清淤后短期内底栖动物密度均值由1 707 ind·m⁻²降至1 107 ind·m⁻²,梅粱湾多毛类和软体动物密度分别由104 ind·m⁻²和181 ind·m⁻²降至16 ind·m⁻²和96 ind·m⁻²。环保清淤4 a后竺山湾和梅粱湾耐污能力评价整体仍处于中污染状态,底栖动物分类单元数下降至13和8,竺山湾底栖动物密度清淤后均值下降至954 ind·m⁻²,梅粱湾底栖动物丰度值下降但总密度清淤后均值增加至1 402 ind·m⁻²,竺山湾和梅粱湾底栖动物群落结构恢复仍需较长过程。该研究结果可为湖库清淤工程中的底栖动物保护提供参考。     

Using the useful: characteristics of used palms in south-eastern Ecuador

Plant families differ greatly with regard to their usefulness to humans. Within families there are also large differences in the usefulness between species; some are used for many different purposes, while most are used for few or no purposes. Which ones and to what extent species are used often varies between areas and cultural groups. To better understand variation in speciesȁ9 usefulness we studied the use of different palm species (Arecaceae) among two socio-cultural groups (one indigenous and one colonist group of mixed ethnic descent) living in the same area. We used regression and correlation analyses to determine to what degree use is related to ecological and morphological characteristics, to geographical differences in abundance, and to peopleȁ9s perceptions of speciesȁ9 availability. We found that abundance and height were the most important characteristics related to use, possibly due to the effect of height and abundance on salience, search time, and (for height) suitability for different purposes. Abundance was most important for palm heart extraction, probably due to the opportunistic nature of this activity. There was no difference between socio-cultural groups with regard to the relationship between palm abundance and use, but abundance seemed to be more decisive for people who used moderate amounts of palms. Finally, it was seen that peopleȁ9s estimates of palm abundance were not related to our measurements of abundance, which may be due to use of different spatial scales in evaluating abundance and to the subjective nature of terms such as “rare” and “abundant”.