毛细管气相色谱法测定大气中的苯系物

大口径毛细管气相色谱法测定大气中的苯系物，采用活性炭吸附，二硫化碳解析，30m×0．53mm×0．88μmHP-1型大口径毛细管分离测定，苯的最低检出限为0．18ng。该方法分离效果好，灵敏度高，是测定大气中苯系物的理想方法。     

城市空气污染数值预报模式系统及其应用

 介绍了城市空气污染数值预报模式系统,并利用该系统对济南市空气污染进行了预报.结果表明,该系统具有较好的预报性能;预报与实测值之间有较好的相关性;空气质量级别的预报效果更好,对SO₂、PM₁₀和NO₂ 3项污染物的级别预报准确率分别为84.6%,83.2%和94.6%,其总体级别预报准确率达到87.5%.研究结果还显示,济南市的SO₂污染已得到明显改善,机动车尾气污染相对较轻,而PM₁₀的污染比较严重,已上升为首要污染物,其来源、扩散、转化机制及其控制措施的研究是目前济南市面临的首要问题.     

A Landscape Approach for Detecting and Evaluating Change in a Semi-Arid Environment

Vegetation change in the American West has been a subject of concern throughout the twentieth century. Although many of the changes have been recorded qualitatively through the use of comparative photography and historical reports, little quantitative information has been available on the regional or watershed scale. It is currently possible to measure change over large areas and determine trends in ecological and hydrological condition using advanced space-based technologies. Specifically, this process is being tested in a community-based watershed in southeast Arizona and northeast Sonora, Mexico using a system of landscape pattern measurements derived from satellite remote sensing, spatial statistics, process modeling, and geographic information systems technology. These technologies provide the basis for developing landscape composition and pattern indicators as sensitive measures of large-scale environmental change and thus may provide an effective and economical method for evaluating watershed condition related to disturbance from human and natural stresses. The project utilizes the database from the North American Landscape Characterization (NALC) project which incorporates triplicate Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) imagery from the early 1970s, mid 1980s, and the 1990s. Landscape composition and pattern metrics have been generated from digital land cover maps derived from the NALC images and compared across a nearly 20-year period. Results about changes in land cover for the study period indicate that extensive, highly connected grassland and desertscrub areas are the most vulnerable ecosystems to fragmentation and actual loss due to encroachment of xerophytic mesquite woodland. In the study period, grasslands and desertscrub not only decreased in extent but also became more fragmented. That is, the number of grassland and desertscrub patches increased and their average patch sizes decreased. In stark contrast, the mesquite woodland patches increased in size, number, and connectivity. These changes have important impact for the hydrology of the region, since the energy and water balance characteristics for these cover types are significantly different. The process demonstrates a simple procedure to document changes and determine ecosystem vulnerabilities through the use of change detection and indicator development, especially in regard to traditional degradation processes that have occurred throughout the western rangelands involving changes of vegetative cover and acceleration of water and wind erosion.     

环境监测质量控制技术探讨-准确度控制

阐述了环境监测准确度控制的概念以及常用方法,提出了标准溶液控制的概念和方法,并对质控样控制的合格判断、加标回收率计算修正以及定性加标的应用提出独到见解。     

IAFSA-GRNN在油田集输管道CO2腐蚀速率预测中的应用

为提高油田集输管道CO₂腐蚀速率预测的准确性,针对原始广义回归神经网络(GRNN)预测精度低的问题,提出改进的群智能算法优化原始GRNN的预测模型;分别使用GRNN模型、人工鱼群算法(AFSA)优化的GRNN(AFSA-GRNN)模型和自适应改进的AFSA-GRNN(IAFSA-GRNN)模型预测X65管线钢的CO₂腐蚀速率。结果表明:采用AFSA和IAFSA优化光滑因子S后,能大大提高GRNN模型的预测精度,预测结果的平均相对误差由36.09%分别减小至7.20%和6.90%;与AFSA相比,IAFSA优化的GRNN不仅具有更高的预测精度,还具有更快的收敛速度。AFSA-GRNN在第164次迭代计算时收敛,而IAFSA-GRNN在第109次迭代计算时收敛,说明AFSA经自适应优化能提高优化过程的收敛速度和GRNN的预测精度。