生物多样性维护功能评估及其空间尺度效应分析——以陕西省为例

生物多样性维护功能评估是生态系统综合评估的重要内容。基于物种丰富度的海拔梯度格局规律来修正生物多样性维护服务能力指数模型,并探讨该模型在省级、市级和生物多样性优先区三种不同尺度水平的评估响应。结果显示：（1）三种尺度识别的生物多样性极重要区面积和空间分布差异较大,省级尺度评估的极重要区集中于秦巴山地,市级尺度评估时极重要区分布广泛且布局分散,优先区尺度评估时极重要区与自然保护区重叠面积最大。（2）三种尺度评估识别的精准度由大到小依次为：优先区尺度（19.5%）>省级尺度（11.7%）>市级尺度（11.2%）,优先区尺度评估识别的精准度明显高于行政区尺度的评估。（3）优先区尺度评估识别的极重要区面积为28032.3 km²,占陕西省国土面积的13.7%;极重要区内土地利用结构和物种重要性综合评估结果优于行政区尺度的评估结果。     

测定化学需氧量的新型分光光度法

研究了一种测定化学需氧量(COD Mn)的新型分光光度法。试验结果表明,该法简便快速、准确,精密度高,并且通过与国标法测定结果对比后确定该方法可用于自来水、饮用水等多种水体中COD Mn的测定。     

MERITS OF STATISTICAL CRITERIA FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF HYDROLOGICAL MODELS1

ABSTRACT: The performance of a hydrological model is usually assessed first by visual inspection of the measured and computed hydrographs. Numerous statistical criteria are available for numerical evaluations of model accuracy in each single year, in a particular season of the year, or in a sequence of years or seasons. In the last case, the problem of computing the overall result has to be considered. If too many criteria are used and the criteria are switched frequently, an assessment of a model's performance becomes difficult for a potential user. Therefore, this paper concentrates on just three criteria and their combined evaluation: The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, which compares the model computed discharge with the average measured discharge; the “coefficient of gain from daily means” in which a uniform average discharge is replaced by daily average discharges; and the volumetric difference between the total measured and computed runoff. The three criteria are combined in a three dimensional representation that allows intercomparisons of model performance in a single diagram.     

ESTIMATES OF MEAN CHLOROPHYLL-a CONCENTRATION: PRECISION,ACCURACY, AND SAMPLING DESIGN1

ABSTRACT: Data from 56 north-temperate lakes and reservoirs are used to develop models predicting temporal variance as a function of the mean chlorophyll-a concentration. Trophy, as estimated by mean chlorophyll-a concentration, is shown to have little effect on the sampling effort required to achieve a pre-determined level of precision for lakes sampled year-round. Collecting ten observations results in a coefficient of variation that averaged 20 percent; collecting more than ten observations yields increasingly marginal improvements in precision. The same guidelines apply to mesotrophic or eutrophic lakes sampled in the summer, whereas oligotrophic lakes sampled in the summer require fewer observations to achieve the same level of precision. The bias resulting from collecting too few observations is minimized if five or more observations are collected.     

微重力测量在高度测量中应用对比研究

高差测量试验对比及微重力测量应用实例,对重力测量在高程测量上应用原理与方法及适用范围进行对比研究。研究表明：使用重力仪进行高度测量,操作简单快捷、可达到厘米级的测量精度,观测数据稳定,不需要任何通视条件,具有垂直方向定位准确和全天候测量的优势。     

提高CEMS监测准确率技术浅析

分析了CEMS及相关仪表的测量方法和测量原理,并针对运营维护过程中出现的问题,提出有效的解决方法,提高了CEMS测量准确率,以保证CEMS设备的稳定运行,同时确保监测数据准确上传,为环境保护相关部门提供有效的数据支持。     

基于灰色理论与BP神经网络预测成都市生活垃圾产生量

根据成都市中心城区垃圾产生量的历年数据,先用以时间为单变量的灰色GM(1,1)预测模型得到历年数据的拟合值,再分析垃圾产生量与其影响因素之间的灰色关联度,选出关联度最大的4个因素建立多变量的灰色GM(1,5)预测模型与BP神经网络模型,并对垃圾产生量的预测精确度进行了对比,用预测精度最高的BP神经网络模型对未来年份的垃圾产生量进行了预测,为成都市垃圾处理处置规划提供了理论依据。     

高精度格式在河道水温模拟中的应用

水温是水环境质量评价的一项基本因素,准确的水温预测是许多水质模型的基础.水温变化过程可用对流扩散方程来描述,其模拟精度直接关系到水温模型的精度.结合交错网格,将高精度HAUC2格式应用到河道水温预测中,建立了一维河道水温模型,最后将模型应用于汉江皇庄--仙桃河段水温纵向输移扩散模拟中,取得良好的效果.     

关于GIS的环境影响评价系统的开发与应用

论述关于地理信息系统(GIS)的环境影响评价系统存在的问题,以及为解决这些问题须对该系统增加数学模型自动调整和修正功能,人工参与数学模型的调整和修正并改造GIS平台,为保证环评数据准确性和决策可靠性提供技术依据。     

Developmental stress impairs song complexity but not learning accuracy in non-domesticated zebra finches (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Taeniopygia guttata</Emphasis>)

Food restrictions early in life can have adverse effects on the development of adult avian song structure. Nutritional deficiencies during brain development are thought to impair the growth of neural circuits responsible for learning and production of song in adulthood. Thus, the quality of song may reflect the quality of the singer due to the costs associated with neural development early in life. Recent investigations have focused on domesticated laboratory strains of zebra finches where early dietary deficiencies have significantly reduced the complexity of song and its sexual attractiveness. Domesticated zebra finches may be more sensitive to the early effects of moderate under-nutrition on song complexity than their non-domesticated counterparts. In an aviary experiment with non-domesticated zebra finch stock, we found that song complexity when measured by a linear combination of six variables was reduced in food-restricted birds, with syllable rate and maximum syllable frequency as the principal variables affected. The restriction had no effect on learning accuracy when song phrases of experimental birds were compared to those of their fathers.This result demonstrates that early nutrition may differentially affect the development of neural processes that influence learning accuracy and song complexity. While the finding of negative effects of dietary restriction on song complexity is robust for zebra finches and is not an artefact of domestication, it does not explain why some nutritionally stressed populations of wild zebra finches have more complex songs than those from other regions of Australia characterised by greater food availability.