Influences of perfluorooctanoic acid on the aggregation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The aggregation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in the aqueous phase not only inhibits their extensive utilization in various aspects but also dominates their environmental fate and transport.The role of surfactants at low concentration in the aggregation of MWCNTs has been studied,however the effect of perfluorinated surfactants at low concentration is uncertain.To understand this interfacial phenomenon,the influences of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA),and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a control,on MWCNT aggregation in the aqueous phase were examined by the UV absorbency method.Influences of pH and cationic species on the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) value were evaluated.The CCC values were dependent on the concentration of PFOA,however a pronounced effect of SDS concentration on the CCC values was not observed.The CCC values of the MWCNTs were 51.6 mmol/L in NaCl and 0.28 mmol/L in CaCl 2 solutions,which suggested pronounced differences in the effects of Na+ and Ca2+ ions on the aggregation of the MWCNTs.The presence of both PFOA and SDS significantly decreased the CCC values of the MWCNTs in NaCl solution.The aggregation of the MWCNTs took place under acidic conditions and was not notably altered under neutral and alkaline conditions due to the electrostatic repulsion of deprotonated functional groups on the surface of the MWCNTs.     

Effect of acid solutions on plants studied by the optical beam deflection method

The optical beam deflection method was applied to study the effects of acid solution on both a terrestial and aquatic plants Egeria and Cerastium, which are common aquatic plant and terrestial weed respectively. A probe beam from a He-Ne laser was passed through a vicinity of a leaf of the plants, which were put in culture dishes filled with acid solutions. Deflection signals of the probe beam were monitored and compared for acid solutions with different pH values. The results of Egria showed that the deflection signals changed dramatically when pH values of acid solutions were 2.0 and 3.0, while little at pH of 4.0 and 5.0. For Cerastium when pH were below 3.0, deflection signals changed greatly with time at the begining. After a certain period of time, deflection signals changed little with time. When pH value was above 4.0, deflection signals of Cerastium were still changing with time even after 20 hours. The results suggested that the damage threshold of pH was between 3.0 and 4.0 for both the land and aquatic plants.     

Formic acid as an alternative reducing agent for the catalytic nitrate reduction in aqueous media

Formic acid was used for the nitrate reduction as a reductant in the presence of Pd:Cu/γ-alumina catalysts. The surface characteristics of the bimetallic catalyst synthesized by wet impregnation were investigated by SEM, TEM-EDS. The metals were not distributed homogeneously on the surface of catalyst, although the total contents of both metals in particles agreed well with the theoretical values. Formic acid decomposition on the catalyst surface, its influence on solution pH and nitrate removal efficacy was investigated. The best removal of nitrate (50 ppm) was obtained under the condition of 0.75 g/L catalyst with Pd:Cu ratio (4:1) and two fold excess of formic acid. Formic acid decay patterns resembled those of nitrate removal, showing a linear relationship between kf (formic acid decay) and k (nitrate removal). Negligible amount of ammonia was detected, and no nitrite was detected, possibly due to buffering effect of bicarbonate that is in situ produced by the decomposition of formic acid, and due to the sustained release of H2 gas.     

Soil microbial community structure and function responses to successive planting of Eucalyptus

Many studies have shown soil degradation after the conversion of native forests to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impacts of short-rotation forestry practices on soil microorganisms. The impacts of Eucalyptus successive rotations on soil microbial communities were evaluated by comparing phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） abundances, compositions, and enzyme activities of native Pinus massoniana plantations and adjacent 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation Eucalyptus plantations. The conversion from P. massoniana to Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased soil microbial community size and enzyme activities, and increased microbial physiological stress. However, the PLFA abundances formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions with Eucalyptus plantation age. Alternatively, physiological stress biomarkers, the ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid and Gram＋ to Gram- bacteria, formed ＂∩＂ shaped quadratic functions, and the ratio of cy17：0 to 16： 1ω7c decreased with plantation age. The activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase increased with Eucalyptus plantation age, while the cellobiobydrolase activity formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions. Soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and understory cover largely explained the variation in PLFA profiles while soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, and understory cover explained most of the variability in enzyme activity. In conclusion, soil microbial structure and function under Eucalyptus plantations were strongly impacted by plantation age. Most of the changes could be explained by altered soil resource availability and understory cover associated with successive planting of Eucalyptus. Our results highlight the importance of plantation age for assessing the impacts of plantation conversion as well as the importance of reducing disturbance for plantation management.     

离子色谱法测定环境空气中丁酸

建立了用离子色谱法测定环境空气中丁酸的新方法。对实际样品进行分析,丁酸的回收率为94．5％-103．8％,当采样体积为60L时环境空气中丁酸的检出限为0．003mg／m^3。本方法分析速度快,所需样品量少,且无需复杂的前处理,简便、灵敏、可靠。     

抚顺市酸雨污染特征及变化趋势

在抚顺市酸雨监测数据分析的基础上,对抚顺地区的酸雨污染特征及其变化趋势和污染来源进行了探讨。     

离子色谱法测定废气中硫酸雾实验研究

文章建立了离子色谱法测定废气中硫酸雾的分析方法,制备好的样品经0．45um微孔滤膜抽滤,采用AS14A阴离子交换色谱柱分离,电导检测器检测,以0．8mmol／L碳酸钠和0．1mmol／L碳酸氢钠混合溶液为流动相,流速为0．5ml／min进行测定,以保留时间定性,峰面积进行定量,方法的适用范围为0．50～50mg／m3。与铬酸钡分光光度法进行比对试验,无显著性差异。该方法操作简便、灵敏度高、准确度好,实用性强,适用于大批量环境样品的分析。     

非均相类Fenton试剂的制备及其在焦化废水处理中的应用研究

利用浸渍法,将Fe3＋负载在经酸碱改性后的粉状活性炭上,当浸渍液浓度为2．5％,固化温度为270℃时,制成的催化剂催化活性较高。用自制的非均相类benton试剂降解焦化废水,通过正交试验和极差分析得出,影响因素的主次顺序为催化剂用量〉初始pH值〉反应时间〉H：0：投加量。结果表明,在100ml水样中。室温条件下,初始pH值为4．0,催化剂使用量为1．5g,H20：投加量为5ml（分两次投加）,反应时间为90min时,COD去除率可达99％。采用混凝＋化学沉淀＋非均相类Fenton试剂法处理焦化废水,各主要出水水质指标为：色度lO倍;COD浓度38．5mg／L;氨氮浓度8．4mg／L,达到国家一级排放标准。     

局地化工区污染案例的小气候特征分析研究

针对群众举报夜晚受不明气体污染中毒的两起事件,经过环保部门的现场勘查及监测,确定造成纺织厂污染的大气污染物为HCl气体,来自于纺织厂隔壁的农药厂装盐酸的空罐、罐区受污染的固体废弃物及受污染的土壤;助剂厂附近村民所受的污染物为HNO3、NO2和NOx气体,来自于助剂厂装硝酸的空罐、跑冒滴漏的废水废气、固体废弃物及受污染的土壤。夜晚气温降到露点,空气湿度达到饱和状态,气体污染物与空气中的水分结合形成对人体危害更重的酸或酸性气体;这两个工厂又都位于鸭绿江边的化工区内,具有局地小气候特征,夜晚易形成类似于海陆风的微风,形成局地污染。     

土地利用变化对土壤硝化及氨氧化细菌区系的影响

以西藏高原相邻的原始森林、天然草原和农田土壤为研究对象,分别采用室内培养法和nested PCR-DGGE技术,对比研究了这3个生态系统的土壤硝化势、硝态氮浓度以及土壤氨氧化细菌（AOB）菌群区系.结果表明,农田土壤的硝化势和硝态氮（NO 3--N）浓度显著高于相邻的草原和森林土壤,硝化势分别是森林和草原土壤的9倍和11倍,NO 3--N是农田土壤无机氮（Nmin）的主要成分,占无机氮的70%～90%.铵态氮（NH 4＋-N）则是森林和草原土壤中主要的无机氮形态.原始森林和天然草原间的硝化势和硝态氮浓度没有显著差异.原始森林的土壤AOB菌群数量、多样性及均匀度最低.天然草原生态系统转换为农田后,土壤AOB菌群的多样性和均匀度显著降低,但是农田土壤的AOB菌群结构仍与其前身草原生态系统有较高的相似性.原始森林的AOB菌群数量、多样性及均匀度最低直接导致了其硝化势最低;农田土壤的硝化势和硝态氮浓度最高意味着农田生态系统中优势AOB的活性最高.以上结果表明,土地利用变化导致土壤氮素内循环及其关键微生物AOB的多样性与活性均发生显著变化,这些变化会影响土壤环境质量以及生态系统的持续与稳定.