试论环境行政诉讼

审理环境行政诉讼案件,既涉及实体法又涉及程序法的应用。鉴于环境污染的潜伏性、流动性、交叉性等特征,应确认环境行政诉讼专属地域管辖和共同上级指定管辖,应正确界定行政补偿与行政侵权赔偿,环境保护行政主管部门不能作为行政诉讼第三人,应对举证责任另作特别法律规定。     

在我国建立水权制度的探讨

水权制度是水资源法制化管理的模式,与我国的取水许可制度在管理机制和调度方式上均存在区别。在我国建立水权制度是市场经济发展的需求,是一个长期的、循序渐进的、从理论到实践的过程。取水许可证制度是水权管理的基础,前者向后者的转变需要逐步实施,因地制宜。     

Why does environmental compliance cost more than penalty?

In the environmental protection field of China, due to “lower law-breaking cost but higher law-abiding cost”, it is a common case that the enterprise chooses to break through the law on purpose. The punishment to the unlawful practices by the law directly decides the law-breaking cost of the enterprise, furthermore, influences the willingness to abide by the law and the trend to break through the law. The law-breaking cost of enterprises is jointly decided by the administrative liability, civil liability and criminal liability. However, in China, the enterprises breaking through the law are mainly penalized for the administrative liabilities, focusing less on the civil compensation liability on the environmental damage and criminal liabilities on the environmental crimes. Nevertheless, a complete environmental liability system is composed by administrative punishment, civil compensation and criminal sanction, none of which is dispensable. Therefore, the three layers defense could be established on punishing and deterring the environmental law-breakers. Considering all three aspects, administrative liability, civil liability and criminal liability, this paper analyzes the systemic disadvantages of the current environmental administrative punishment, civil compensation and criminal sanction in China, and investigates the legitimate reasons for the higher law-abiding cost compared with the law-breaking cost, and it is finalized with the measures and suggestions to solve this problem.     

论环境保护行政,法律和经济手段

介绍了环境保护行政手段，法律手段和经济手段的概念和主要内容，阐述了在市场经济体制下这三类手段的重要性及时代内涵，并就我国这三类手段的丰富和运用提出了建议。     

环境行政责任缺失纵深分析——为建立环境行政执法责任制所进行的环境行政责任缺失调研报告

首先明确指出"环境行政执法难"的根本原因是环境行政责任追究缺失.通过对企业各类违法排污现象的列举、归纳,由表及里、纵深分析,指出环境行政责任缺失存在四个层面:普遍性责任缺失--违法排污企业行政责任追究缺失,显性责任缺失--环保局监督管理责任追究缺失,隐性责任缺失--"政府对环境质量负责"责任追究缺失和根本性责任缺失--环境保护行政主管部门"统一监督管理"责任追究缺失.强调解决环境行政责任追究缺失的根本措施是依法建立环境行政责任追究制度,提升环境保护行政主管部门的地位,将国家环境保护总局升格为国家环境保护部(或国家环境资源保护委员会),地方政府环境保护行政主管部门负责人由地方政府行政副首长兼任.     

论环境行政的公众参与

目前,环境问题所涉及的领域越来越广泛,而与此相对的是环境行政所管辖的事务几乎涉及经济生活的方方面面。由于,环境本身“外部性”的特点,以及政府在面对经济利益时的“利益冲动”,如何防止“政府失灵”的发生,日益成为人们关注的热点。针对这种情况,在此试通过引入公众参与制度,倡导环境行政管理中公众参与的重要性和必要性,并针对目前中国法规在公众参与环境行政执法的制度缺失,提出自己的观点和建议。     

Driving restrictions post-stroke: Physicians' compliance with regulations

Objective: Suffering a stroke might lead to permanent cognitive and/or physical impairment. It has been shown that these impairments could have an impact on an individual's fitness to drive. In Sweden, as in many other countries, there are regulations on driving cessation post-stroke. Information on driving cessation should be given to all patients and noted in the journal. The present study sought to determine physician's compliance to driving regulations post-stroke as well as follow-up and gender aspects.

Method: A retrospective study of medical records on stroke patients was carried out. The study covered all of the medical records on stroke incidents (n = 342) during a year at a typical medium to large-sized hospital in Sweden.

Results: A journal entry on driving cessation post-stroke was missing in 81% of the medical records. Only 2% of the patients were scheduled for a follow-up meeting specifically concerning fitness to drive. Significantly more men than women had an entry on driving in the journal.

Conclusions: We conclude that the Swedish regulations on driving cessation post-stroke were not followed at the participating hospital. It is crucial that all stroke patients receive information on driving cessation because their condition might affect fitness to drive. Analysis of follow-up records showed that there was no consistent method for assessment of a patient's fitness to drive. There was also a gender difference in the material, which warrants further investigation.     

基于核校准和SVM的煤矿安全组织管理因素分析

组织管理因素与煤矿安全生产密切相关。该文从人的管理、组织机构管理、企业环境管理、现场及技术管理四个方面详细分析了煤矿组织管理中的主要影响因素,提出一种基于核校准和支持向量机（SVM）的组织管理安全评价等级预测方法,构建了影响因素形成的输入空间到评价等级空间的非线性映射,并详尽分析了组织管理的安全评价等级与各影响因素的关联关系。在此基础上,本文深入研究煤矿安全中各组织管理因素的作用规律,并探讨了相应的预防措施与控制方法。实例分析结果表明,该方法能够合理地反映煤矿企业的组织管理安全评价状况,有助于煤矿企业采取相应措施预防或减少安全事故的发生,同时,也为企业提高本质安全管理水平提供了参考,有较强的实用性。     

How you start matters: A comparison of Gold Fields' Tarkwa and Damang Mines and their divergent relationships with local small-scale miners in Ghana

This paper argues that actions of large-scale mining companies at the early stages of a mining project establish a legacy which sets the tone for that mine's long-term relationship with the local artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) stakeholders. This paper compares the experiences of Gold Fields' Tarkwa and Damang mines and the divergent histories of each of these mines' relationship with local small-scale mining stakeholders. Circumstances at Damang during the discovery and early development of the project drove a rift between the mine and the ASM community. As the mine developed, a chain of ASM engagement strategies were enacted in an attempted to repair the relationship but which has never able to regain sufficient trust between the mine and ASM stakeholders. At the nearby Tarkwa mine, ASM confrontations have been much easier to manage. Despite early disagreements at Tarkwa, a relationship characterized by greater trust between the mine and ASM communities was established early and therefore ASM engagement strategies have been simpler and more effective. This paper will conclude that establishing and maintaining a positive mine legacy as early as the exploration phase of a mining project is critical to maintaining a positive, trust-based relationship between LSM companies and their local ASM stakeholders over the life of a mine.     

行政中心驻地对县域土地利用景观格局的影响研究

使用GIS（地理信息系统,Geographic Information System）的缓冲区法、空间叠置分析法以及景观格局分析法,分析不同等级的行政中心驻地对土地利用景观格局的影响。研究结果表明：（1）耕地是丰县的景观基质,聚落（城乡建设用地）景观是丰县主要的景观类型。与行政中心的距离越近,人为景观的面积比重就越高,大于各景观类型的现状比重,表现出较强烈的空间吸引特性;相反,自然景观所占比重远远低于现状比重,反映出较明显的空间排斥效应。（2）与镇政府的距离变大,土地利用景观的破碎程度、聚集程度、斑块形状的规则程度均先减弱后增强;与县政府驻地的距离变大,景观的破碎程度呈现“减弱-增强-稳定”模式,景观形状的复杂程度变大,聚集程度先减弱后稳定,景观的多样性与异质性受两等级行政中心驻地距离的影响程度均较小。（3）镇级、县级行政中心分别在1 500 m、3 000 m范围内对土地利用景观格局的影响程度大