Fatal pedestrian crashes on interstates and other freeways in the United States

Introduction: More than 800 pedestrians die annually in crashes on interstates and other freeways in the United States, but few studies have examined their characteristics. Method: Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System on pedestrians fatally injured during 2015–2017 were analyzed. Chi-square tests compared characteristics of pedestrians killed on interstates and other freeways with those that died on other roads, and across crash types among freeway deaths. Land use characteristics of locations where pedestrians were killed while crossing freeways in a large state (California) were identified using Google Earth. Results: A larger proportion of pedestrians killed on freeways died on dark and unlit roads (48% vs. 32%), were male (78% vs. 68%), or were ages 20–44 (55% vs. 32%) compared with pedestrians killed on other roads. Crossing (42%) was the most common crash type among pedestrian deaths on freeways, followed by disabled-vehicle-related crashes (18%). Pedestrians who died while crossing more often had blood alcohol concentrations ≥ 0.08 g/dL (40%) than those in disabled-vehicle-related (22%) or other crashes (34%). Deaths in crossing crashes were more likely than other freeway deaths to occur on urban roads (81%), at speed limits ≤50 mph (13%), or between 18:00 and 23:59 (49%), and 58% of crossing crashes analyzed for land use were located between residential and other (e.g., commercial, recreational) uses. Over a third (37%) of deaths in disabled-vehicle-related crashes occurred at speed limits ≥70 mph. Conclusions: A surprising proportion of pedestrian deaths occur on controlled-access roads not designed for walking. Countermeasures for these crashes need to be implemented to see meaningful reductions in pedestrian fatalities overall. Practical applications: Improving roadway and vehicle lighting, requiring reflective warning devices for marking disabled vehicles, constructing pedestrian overpasses and underpasses in areas frequently crossed, and promoting alternative means of traveling between residential and commercial areas could help.     

基于改进的SPAR-H化工实验室人因可靠性分析

近年来化工实验室事故屡禁不止,其中人的不安全行为是导致事故发生的主要原因.为评估实验人员可靠性,进一步管控化工实验室人的不安全行为,基于标准化工厂人因可靠性分析(SPAR-H)方法,结合化工实验室人因失误的特点,确定了更加适用于化工实验室的人因可靠性分析方法.首先依据"S-O-P"认知模型对人因失误类型进行划分;然后基...     

Monitoring of a Coastal Mediterranean Area: Culturable Bacteria, Phytoplankton, Environmental Factors and their Relationships in the Southern Adriatic Sea

Culturable heterotrophic bacterial and phytoplanktonic densities were investigated at four sites in the Southern Adriatic Sea (Brindisi, S. Cataldo, Otranto and S. M. di Leuca) over an annual cycle. The main phytoplankton groups, the bacterial biodiversity, as well as the faecal contamination indicators were determined. Culturable bacterial numbers averaged 4.8 ± 0.2 log CFU ml⁻¹ whereas phytoplankton numbers averaged 2.1 ± 0.4 log cells ml⁻¹. Relationships between culturable bacteria, phytoplankton and the environmental factors were established. Bacterial and phytoplankton densities usually depended significantly on temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate and nitrite only in the S. Cataldo transect. In all the examined transects phytoplankton showed a bloom during the January–February period followed by a bacterial peak during the February–March period. Thus we can suppose that the phytoplankton winter bloom is responsible for the availabily of organic matter for bacterial populations in the following months in this oligotrophic ecosystem.     

Assessing Respiratory Morbidity Through Pollution Status and Meteorological Conditions for Delhi

The study focuses on assessing the status of respiratory morbidity in Delhi over a four years period from 2000–2003. An attempt was made to investigate the role of important pollutants (SO₂, NO₂, SPM and RSPM) and various meteorological factors (temperature minimum & maximum, relative humidity at 0830 and 1730 hrs. and wind speed) in being responsible for respiratory admissions on account of COPD, asthma and emphysema. The study showed that winter months had greater exposure risk as pollutants often get trapped in the lower layers of atmosphere resulting in high concentrations. Statistical analysis revealed that two pollutants have significant positive correlation with the number of COPD cases viz., SPM (r = 0.474; p < 0.01) and RSPM (r = 0.353; p < 0.05), while a meteorological factor temperature (minimum) has a significant negative correlation (r = −0.318; p < 0.05) with COPD. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed for COPD as dependent variable and R² value of 0.33 was obtained indicating that SPM and RH(1730) were able to explain 33 percent variability in COPD. The partial correlation of SPM and RH(1730) on COPD was higher than any other combination and therefore they can be regarded as important contributing variables on COPD.     

典型产业承接区土壤砷含量的空间分布特征及影响因素

本文以揭阳市为研究区域,采集了1330个表层土壤(0-20 cm)样品和331个深层土壤(150-200 cm)样品,利用富集因子法分析了表层土壤中As的污染状况,通过GIS空间分析技术以及单因素分析法探究了土壤As的空间分布特征以及影响因素.结果表明,研究区表层土壤As含量的均值为6.03 mg?kg-1,低于该区土...     

稠油废水生物处理主要影响因素分析

有机聚合物和石油烃类物质是稠油废水中的主要污染物.应用辽河油田锦采污水处理厂稠油废水中筛选分离出的菌株B0501,分析其在稠油废水生物处理过程中对废水COD_Cr的去除作用,研究了不同温度,pH,水力停留时间以及添加氮、磷营养盐等条件下微生物对废水COD_Cr去除的影响.结果表明:稠油废水中投加的外源微生物B0501提高了废水中COD_Cr的去除率;接种后,废水在30 ℃,pH为7.5,水力停留时间为216 h,添加氮、磷营养盐(ρ(氮)/ρ(磷)为5.63)的条件下,废水COD_Cr去除率大幅度提高,其ρ(COD_Cr)满足国家污水综合排放一级标准(GB 8798-1996).经形态观察和生理生化反应鉴定,菌株B0501为液化金杆菌(Aureobaterium liquefaciens).      

贵州喀斯特山区不同种植年限花椒根际土壤细菌群落结构特征研究

以贵州花江峡谷花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeamun)林为研究对象,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析种植5、10、20、30 a花椒根际土壤细菌群落结构和多样性特征,探讨不同种植年限花椒土壤理化因子对根际细菌群落分布的影响,为喀斯特石漠化地区花椒农业可持续发展提供有效的理论依据.结果表明,随着花椒种植...     

生物滴滤器去除挥发性有机物的影响因素

生物滴滤器用于处理挥发性有机物,有机物的去除效率受到许多因素的影响。总结和讨论了填料、营养液、进气等诸多因素对生物滴滤器性能的影响。这些讨论结果有助于在生物滴滤器实际应用中选择合适的设计和操作条件,从而达到更佳的处理效果。     

好氧污泥颗粒化过程的影响因素分析

影响好氧颗粒污泥性质的因素多且复杂,具有灰色系统的特点.应用了灰色关联分析方法对好氧颗粒污泥的重要参数污泥体积指数(SVI)、沉降速率、颗粒粒径和污泥浓度(MLSS)进行了关联影响分析.结果表明:对颗粒污泥SVI的影响顺序为沉降速率＞颗粒粒径＞ MLSS,说明沉降速率对活性污泥的形态转变和颗粒化过程的作用最明显,SVI可作为评判颗粒化进程的一个理想指标;沉降速率对MLSS的影响最弱;颗粒粒径的最佳值为1.3～1.5 mm,此时,颗粒粒径对SVI降低的贡献最大,从而使颗粒污泥的沉降性能得到很大改善,并且使MLSS达到最大.     

驯化菌种降解油制气废水的影响因素研究

利用筛选的3种微生物,在初步研究其对某些化合物降解能力的基础上,考察其降解油制气废水过程中一般因素如温度、pH值、供氧条件、废水浓度以及营养因素如磷源、碳源对微生物降解能力的影响。研究表明,各菌种可在自然环境条件范围内,保持对废水CODCr降解效果的稳定性。葡萄糖、乙醇的加入,可将各菌种对CODCr的去除率分别提高16.9%~26.5%、17.6%~25.6%。