Patterns of biodiversity and habitat sensitivity in agricultural landscapes

Design of landscape is the process of the arrangement of spatial features with the objective of sustaining ecosystem services, and maintaining ecological functionality to meet societal needs. Along a gradient of cultivation intensity, the functional quality of agricultural landscape was explored and the relationships between landscape metrics and functional quality were analyzed, in order to make effective recommendations for landscape design aimed at sustainable land use schemes. The functional quality of landscape was calculated using the InVest model for 20 farm landscapes (North-Eastern Italy) where biodiversity (plant taxa) and sensitivity to disturbance (hemeroby) were used as model inputs. Results highlighted the importance of specific habitat types such as meadows and woodlands rather than other habitats for improving the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes. A high proportion of these habitats enhanced the functional quality of the landscape when the habitats were organized in large and not isolated patches in heterogeneous landscapes.     

深圳农业面源污染与近岸水体富营养化关系研究Ⅰ.农业陆源排污分析

主要从深圳市农业对水体的陆源污染包括农田化肥流失和畜禽养殖业排污等污染源出发,通过对农业化肥施用量和施用强度、畜禽养殖业排污变化趋势分析,估算出二者各自污染物排放量,探讨其与深圳近海水体污染变化趋势间的关系。对相关数据分析表明:(1)深圳市农业化肥流失是深圳近海水体富营养化成因之一,其在1994年之后对近海水体污染程度加大;(2)深圳市畜禽养殖业排污是深圳近海水体富营养化主要成因之一,其在1997年之后对近海水体污染程度加大;(3)农业化肥流失和畜禽养殖业排污主要受农业用地面积、农业政策的影响。     

抚仙湖梁王河流域农业耕作与流域水质响应关系研究

以抚仙湖北岸梁王河流域为研究对象,选取流域中2种典型耕作方式水稻-小麦（R-W）轮作和烤烟-豌豆（T-P）轮作的农田.通过对农田地下水和梁王河水的同步观测及农田耕作情况的调查,发现移栽、施底肥、追肥及排水等耕作措施使地下水中TP、PO^3-₄-P、TN、NO^-₃-N和NH⁺₄-N含量在短时间尺度内有明显升高.农田作物在不同生育期对养分的吸收规律与地下水中的TP、PO^3-₄-P、TN、NO^-₃-N和NH⁺₄-N含量在长时间尺度上响应关系明显,作物处于对相应养分吸收高峰期时地下水中该养分含量就会明显降低,反之则会升高.梁王河水TP和PO^3-₄-P的含量在流域农田全处于耕作期时要比流域部分农田处于休闲期分别低5.8%和21.7%,而TN、NH⁺₄-N及NO^-₃-N含量在流域农田全处于耕作期要比流域部分农田处于休闲期分别高11.5%、242.6%和9.55%.     

基于物质流分析的天津市资源生产力

在物质流分析的基础上,根据资源生产力指标,对天津市1996-2007年间的资源生产力进行了分析。结果表明:天津市的资源生产力总体呈上升趋势,总物质资源生产力由1996年的2 293.76元/t上升到2007年的4896.12元/t,增长到2.13倍,年平均递增236.58元/t。在劳动资源生产力、土地资源生产力、水资源生产力、能源资源生产力、进出口物质资源生产力中,劳动资源生产力年平均递增最高,为0.58万元/人,农业水资源生产力最低,年平均递增仅为0.7元/t。随后,应用IPAT模型分析了环境负荷(或资源消耗)与GDP之间的关系,天津市的环境负荷(或资源消耗)随GDP的增长而上升,实现"脱钩"至少应使资源生产力提高2.2倍以上。最后,针对天津市资源生产力分析结果,提出了提高资源生产力的相应建议。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL WATER REQUIREMENTS IN THE GULF COAST OF THE UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Competition for water resources is becoming an increasingly important issue in the southeastern U.S. The potential impacts of future precipitation and runoff estimated by a transient global climate model (HADCM2) on competing water resources in the Southeast has been conducted. Issues of agricultural management, irrigation water withdrawals, and water quality were studied over three time periods: 1974–1993, 2020–2039, and 2080–2099 in five water basins identified previously as exhibiting water-related problems. These basins, which encompass the boundary between Alabama and Mississippi, cover four important agricultural counties in Mississippi. Irrigation water requirements generated by crop growth models for corn, soybeans, and winter wheat were coupled with monthly runoff for the impacted basins estimated by the SWAT water balance model. The results of the study reveal that in the next 20–40 years water availability in the southern portions of the study area will decline as much as 10 percent during times when water requirements for agricultural production are crucial. Maintaining or expanding existing crop yields under future climate regimes may require additional irrigation water and increase competition among other uses such as domestic, industrial, recreational, and ecosystem quality.     

长白山低山丘陵区生态农业建设与小流域治理——以吉林省柳河试验区为例

吉林省柳河试验区是长白山低山丘陵区域的典型代表。本文在分析了该试验区的农业自然条件及其存在的主要问题的基础上,提出了生态农业建设与小流域综合治理的技术模式,并报道了初步实施结果     

德阳市主要农作物生产潜力

本文在简述了农业生产潜力定量测度方法的基础上,计算和分析了德阳市主要作物生产潜力。得出光能利用率低是造成该区作物产量不高的主要原因,各种作物中水稻生产力、生产潜力最大,不同种植制度中水旱轮作生产力、生产潜力最大     

鄱阳湖生态经济区农业循环经济发展综合评价

发展农业循环经济是鄱阳湖生态经济区建设的关键,农业循环经济发展的目标是实现农业生产经济效率和生态环境效率的双赢。应用DEA方法以评价循环农业发展的经济效率,采用农业生产的生态足迹以反映农业循环经济发展的生态效率。在此基础上,为同时体现农业循环经济发展的经济效率和生态效率,构造了区域农业循环经济发展评价的综合指数,并对鄱阳湖生态经济区的农业循环经济发展进行评价分析。结果表明,大部分地区存在农药化肥投入冗余、粮食单产不足以及农业生产的耕地足迹和牧草地足迹所占比重偏大等问题,为此必须在推广猪－沼－粮的同时,调整农业产业结构,着力发展猪（牛）－沼－果（渔）等循环农业模式,进而提高鄱阳湖生态经济区农业生产的投入产出效率,降低农业生产的生态占用     

基于农户调查的农用地流转影响因素研究——以重庆市典型区(县)为例

农用地流转是充分发挥土地利用效益,实现农业规模化生产和产业化经营的一种积极探索,采用参与式农户评估法,以重庆市典型区(县)为例,对农用地流转的影响因素进行了探讨。分析结果表明:缺乏规范的操作程序与农用地流转中介组织、缺乏完善的社会保障体系以及区位条件的差异是影响重庆地区农用地流转的主要因素。建立健全农用地流转相关政策和农村社会保障制度,加速城镇化进程和加强农村基础设施建设对重庆地区的农用地流转具有积极的推动作用。     

Carbon Productivity Analysis to Address Global Climate Change

Developing low-carbon economy and enhancing carbon productivity are basic approaches to coordinating economic development and protecting global environment, which are also the major ways to address climate change under the framework of sustainable development. In this paper, the authors analyze the annual rate of carbon productivity growth, the differences of carbon productivity of different countries, and the factors for enhancing carbon productivity. Consequently, the authors clarify their viewpoint that the annual rate of carbon productivity growth can be used to weigh the efforts that a country takes to address climate change, and propose policies and suggestions on promoting carbon production.