1961—2010年广西气温变化对全球变暖的响应

利用广西88 个气象站1961—2010 年的年平均气温和年极端最高、最低气温数据,运用GIS 技术、气候倾向率以及Mann-Kendall 突变检验方法对广西近50 a 气温的时空变化特征及突变特征进行分析。结果表明:在全球变暖影响下, 近50 a 广西全区年平均气温和年极端最高、最低气温总体上均呈上升趋势,其中年平均气温和年极端最低气温的气候倾向率均达到了极显著水平;年平均气温和年极端最高气温的突变时间分别为2001 年和2003 年,均比极端最低气温(1984 年) 晚了近20 a 左右;年极端最高和最低气温存在非对称变化。时空分布图表明,区域平均值忽略了研究区域内的差异,尽管近50 a 来广西气温区域平均值的总体变化呈上升趋势,但不同时期各地区间气温变化的趋势和幅度各有差异。     

Effects of organic acids on Cd adsorption and desorption by two anthropic soils

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of malic, tartaric, oxalic, and citric acid on the adsorption and desorption characteristics of Cd by two typical anthropic soils (lou soil and irrigation-silted soil) in North-west China. Cadmium adsorption and desorption were studied under a range of temperatures (25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C), organic acid concentrations (0.5–5.0 mmol·L^-1), and pH values (2–8). The results showed that the Cd adsorption capacity of the lou soil was significantly greater than that of the irrigation-silted soil. Generally, Cd adsorption increased as the temperature increased. In the presence of NaNO₃, the adsorption of Cd was endothermic with ΔH values of 31.365 kJ·mol^-1 for lou soil and 28.278?kJ·mol^-1 for irrigation-silted soil. The endothermic reaction indicated that H bonds were the main driving force for Cd adsorption in both soils. However, different concentrations of organic acids showed various influences on the two soils. In the presence of citric acid, chemical adsorption and van der Waals interactions were the main driving forces for Cd adsorption rather than H bonds. Although the types of organic acids and soil properties were different, the effects of the organic acids on the adsorption and desorption of Cd were similar in the two soils. The adsorption percentage of Cd generally decreased as organic acid concentrations increased. In contrast, the adsorption percentage increased as the pH of the initial solution increased. The exception was that adsorption percentage of Cd increased slightly as oxalic acid concentrations increased. In contrast, the desorption percentage of Cd increased with increasing concentrations of organic acids but decreased as the initial solution pH increased.     

The abatement of major pollutants in air and water by environmental catalysis

This review reports the research progress in the abatement of major pollutants in air and water by environmental catalysis. For air pollution control, the selective catalytic reduction of NO _x (SCR) by ammonia and hydrocarbons on metal oxide and zeolite catalysts are reviewed and discussed, as is the removal of Hg from flue gas by catalysis. The oxidation of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by photo- and thermal-catalysis for indoor air quality improvement is reviewed. For wastewater treatment, the catalytic elimination of inorganic and organic pollutants in wastewater is presented. In addition, the mechanism for the procedure of abatement of air and water pollutants by catalysis is discussed in this review. Finally, a research orientation on environment catalysis for the treatment of air pollutants and wastewater is proposed.     

多室蓄热式有机废气焚烧炉工程应用研究

为了解决城市周边小企业挥发性有机物空气污染问题,研发了一种新型多蓄热室旋转换向蓄热式有机废气焚烧炉,对现有焚烧炉内不合理的流通截面积分配比例进行了改进,并在北京市郊某工厂建设了处理能力为3 000 m3/h的应用示范装置。通过对焚烧炉出口残留VOC和焚烧炉能量消耗数据的分析和计算,揭示了影响焚烧炉示范装置VOC处理效果和燃料消耗量的因素。应用情况表明:新型蓄热式有机废气焚烧炉对VOC的处理效率可达95%,同时比常规热力焚烧炉节能70%以上。     

气浮-复合好氧反应器-BAF处理屠宰废水

活禽屠宰及禽肉加工生产废水有机物和悬浮颗粒物含量较高,可生化性较好。采用气浮-复合好氧反应器-BAF组合工艺处理该废水,运行结果表明:该工艺处理效果稳定,出水水质中COD、BOD5、SS、动植物油、NH3-N的平均浓度分别为50,11,30,10和2 mg/L,水质达到GB 13457—1992《肉类加工工业水污染物排放标准》(禽类屠宰加工)中的一级排放标准。     

静电纺PA6/PET复合膜的制备及其空气过滤性能

主要研究静电纺纳米/微米纤维复合膜(PA6/PET)的制备及其空气过滤性能,电纺了几种不同密集度的复合膜,研究了其对氯化钠粒子在特定条件下的过滤能力,进行了加载过滤测试,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对过滤前后纤维膜的表面形态进行观察.结果表明,对于多分散的NaCl粒子来说,过滤材料的过滤效率随着过滤时间的增加而增加.当增大过滤粒子流量时,过滤阻力与流量呈现线性增长关系,但是过滤效率变化不大.本实验中复合膜的最低过滤效率为99.990%.     

响应面法在催化湿式氧化降解异佛尔酮中的应用

以Ru/TiZrO2为催化剂,采用催化湿式氧化法降解异佛尔酮废水,选择反应温度、氧气分压、反应时间、催化剂用量、初始pH为影响因素,以TOC去除率为响应值,采用响应面法研究影响因素及其交互作用对响应值的影响,建立二次多项式回归方程模型,并采用后退回归法进行模型精简.结果表明,反应时间和反应温度及其交互作用对TOC去除率影响极显著(P≤0.01);反应时间的二次项对TOC去除率影响显著(P≤0.05).随着反应温度的升高和反应时间的延长,TOC去除率逐渐提高.最后对模型进行验证,实验值与预测值具有很好的一致性,说明模型具有可靠的预测性,将该模型应用到催化湿式氧化中合理可行.质谱和离子色谱检测到异佛尔酮的降解产物主要为有机酮与小分子羧酸,由此提出对反应机理和降解途径的假设.     

基于空气负离子浓度的建筑室内空气清洁度评价

对深圳某办公楼部分房间的空气负离子浓度分布进行了观测研究,利用空气离子单极系数和安倍空气离子评价指数对不同设备制冷的办公室空气质量进行了评价分析。结果表明:自然通风状态下的空气清洁度比机械通风状态下高,利用可再生能源制冷技术的室内空气质量比普通空调制冷技术的好,放置负离子发生器对室内空气质量有显著提高。因此提高室内负离子浓度可以创造舒适的空气环境,并建议把空气负离子浓度列为室内环境的监测和评价指标,为今后城乡建设规划、城市林业规划和环境能源保护提供科学依据和设计思路。     

气温变化对西南山区流域森林水文效应影响的模拟

为了揭示气温变化对西南山区流域森林水文效应的影响,用生物物理/动态植被模型SSiB4/TRIFFID与流域地形指数水文模型TOPMODEL的耦合模型SSiB4T/TRIFFID模拟了西南山区长江上游梭磨河流域森林水文效应对气温变化的响应,分析了气温变化对植被不同演替阶段的流域总径流和总蒸发以及冠层截流蒸发、植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明,（1）梭磨河流域森林（常绿针叶林）蒸腾与草和灌木差异小,森林蒸腾潜热比草和灌木仅高1~4 W.m-2,森林冠层截留蒸发高于草和灌木,但土壤蒸发明显低于草和灌木覆盖,森林覆盖流域总蒸发低于草和灌木覆盖甚至低于裸土蒸发,因此增加了流域总径流量,但森林增加径流的作用随土壤蒸发的减小而减小。（2）气温减小1℃将通过减小森林冠层截留蒸发和蒸腾而使森林增加流域总径流量的作用增加;相反,气温增加将增加森林冠层截留蒸发和蒸腾而使森林增加总径流量的作用减小。（3）当温度增加4℃,由于森林总蒸发较草和灌木明显增加,对于较高的土壤蒸发,森林增加总径流量的作用已不明显;对于较低的土壤蒸发,森林减小了流域总径流量。     

大气污染物对兰州心脑血管疾病住院影响的病例交叉研究

为探讨兰州市大气污染对心脑血管疾病住院的急性健康效应,采用单向回顾性配对病例交叉设计,分析了兰州市2001~2005年大气污染物浓度(PM10、SO2及NO2)短期升高对人群心脑血管疾病住院的影响.结果表明,单向回顾性1:2匹配病例交叉研究的效应值(ORs)最大,在控制同期天气因素后,滞后3d PM10浓度每升高10μg/m3 ,总心脑血管疾病及心血管疾病住院的ORs分别为1.002(95%CI:1.001~1.003)和1.002(95%CI:1.001~1.003);无滞后SO2浓度每升高10μg/m3对总心脑血管疾病住院的OR值为1.005(95%CI:1.000~1.009);NO2在滞后1d浓度每升高10μg/m3对总心脑血管疾病OR值为1.022(95%CI:1.014~1.030);对心血管疾病及脑血管疾病住院影响均在滞后2d达到最大,ORs值分别为1.021(95%CI:1.011~1.030) 和1.019(95%CI:1.005~1.033).在多污染物模型中,PM10仍对心血管疾病住院人数增加有统计学意义;NO2对心脑血管疾病住院的影响均较单污染物模型中大.