Four Decades of Plant Community Change in the Alpine Tundra of Southwest Yukon,Canada

Repeat measurements from long-term plots provide precise data for studying plant community change. In 2010, we visited a remote location in Yukon, Canada, where a detailed survey of alpine tundra communities was conducted in 1968. Plant community composition was resurveyed on the same four slopes using the same methods as the original study. Species richness and diversity increased significantly over the 42 years and non-metric multidimensional scaling indicated that community composition had also changed significantly. However, the direction and magnitude of change varied with aspect. Dominant species were not replaced or eliminated but, instead, declined in relative importance. Fine-scale changes in vegetation were evident from repeat photography and dendro-ecological analysis of erect shrubs, supporting the community-level analysis. The period of study corresponds to a mean annual temperature increase of 2°C, suggesting that climate warming has influenced these changes.     

草地不同利用方式对高寒草甸群落物种多样性和生物量的影响

通过对新疆那拉提高寒草甸天然草地进行围栏(3、5、30 a)和自由放牧处理,探讨草地不同利用方式对草地植物多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明,在自由放牧制度下,由于干扰过于剧烈,草地已呈退化趋势,物种多样性和生物量均较低;在围栏草地中,随着围封年限的增加,群落高度、盖度、地上生物量逐渐增加;地上生物量的变化趋势为放牧草地围栏3 a草地围栏5 a草地围栏30 a草地。     

Stability of alpine timberline ecotone on Taibai Mountain,China

--Landscape boundaries are always indicated by thevegetation boundaries. As an ecotone between closed forest andtreeline, alpine timberline may respond to global climate changessensitively. The stability of timberline and treeline depend notonly on climate change, but also on the interaction of both sidesof the ecosystems. Three natural boundaries existing in thetimberline transitional zone are recognized (1) timberline (upperlimit of closed forest zone); (2) treeline (upper limit of treeislands zone); (3) tree-species line (upper limit of individualtree growth). Paleobotanical and sedimentary evidences suggest thatthere were several times of climate fluctuation during the Holoceneperiod in this area. The timberline of Taibai Mountain must havemoved for four times on the millennium scale. Being a stochasticoscillation boundary, treeline appears in a semi-stable conditionon the century scale. The tree-species line is even more unstable,which appears in an unstable status on the decades scale. Thecomparison of the stability within several landscape boundaries,shed light on the sensibility of these communities to variousperturbation and environmental heterogeneity, i.e., herb community is the most sensitive one, which is followed by shrubs, and forestis the most stable one. Trees and shrubs can adapt to rocky andpoor soils. On the contrary, alpine herbs are able to adapt towetter and cooler soils. Finally, under a scenario of a temperatureof 1.5-4.5℃ increase, the present timberline will be relativelystable but treeline and tree-species line will move upward.     

Element cycling in the dominant plant community in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains, China

Element cycling in the dominant plant communities including Rh. aureum, Rh. redowskianum and Vaccinium uliginosum in the Alpine tundra zone of Changbai Mountains in northeast China was studied. The results indicate that the amount of elements from litter decomposition was less than that of the plant uptake from soil, but that from plant uptake was higher than that in soil with mineralization process released. On the other hand, in the open system including precipitation input and soil leaching output, because of great number of elements from precipitation into the open system, the element cycling(except N, P) in the Alpine tundra ecosystem was in a dynamic balance. In this study, it was also found that different organ of plants had significant difference in accumulating elements. Ca, Mg, P and N were accumulated more obviously in leaves, while Fe was in roots. The degree of concentration of elements in different tissues of the same organ of the plants also was different, a higher concentration of Ca, Mg, P and N in mesophyll than in nerve but Fe was in a reversed order. The phenomenon indicates ( 1 ) a variety of biochemical functions of different elements, (2) the elements in mesophyll were with a shorter turnover period than those in nerve or fibre, but higher utilization rate for plant. Therefore, this study implies the significance of keeping element dynamic balance in the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains.     

泰山夏季PM2.5中生物源SOA的分子组成及影响因素

为探究泰山夏季PM_2.5中生物源二次有机气溶胶（BSOA）的分子组成、昼夜变化特征、及影响因素,于2016年7~8月在泰山山顶进行PM_2.5样品采集,并对碳质组分、无机离子和BSOA示踪物进行分析.结果表明,元素碳（EC）和左旋葡聚糖质量浓度处于较低水平且昼夜差异较小（t检验,P < 0.05）,表明采样期间泰山山顶气溶胶受人为污染排放的影响较小.BSOA示踪物的总质量浓度呈昼高夜低的变化特征,表明白天较强的温度和太阳辐射使得气溶胶的氧化程度比夜间强.其中,异戊二烯类SOA示踪物的质量浓度最高达（77.64±51.79）ng/m³,其次为单萜烯类和倍半萜烯类SOA示踪物,分别为（33.68±21.29）和（6.97±3.28）ng/m³.基于示踪物-产率法估算得出SOC_异戊二烯对有机碳（OC）的贡献率（15.3%）最高.由BSOA示踪物与RH（R￡-0.45）和pH_is（R￡-0.53）的负相关性可知,高湿条件可以降低气溶胶的酸度进而抑制BSOA通过酸催化氧化反应的形成.由BSOA与温度和人为源指示物（左旋葡聚糖和EC）的相关性分析得出,采样期间泰山地区BSOA主要受当地BVOCs氧化反应的影响,而受长距离传输人为污染源的影响较小.     

祁连山中部四种典型生态系统土壤氮矿化的研究

水热因素对土壤氮矿化的影响直接关系到陆地生态系统功能对气候变化的响应趋势。祁连山是青藏高原北沿的典型山地,对气候变化影响十分敏感和脆弱,为了定量确定祁连山土壤氮分解对水热因素变化的响应趋势,在人工气候箱内以正交试验设计方法培养土壤,分析了祁连山高寒草甸、山地森林、荒漠草原和干草原土壤氮矿化及其与温度、湿度和土层的关系。结果显示:以土壤氮矿化量极差计,海拔高度影响最大,其次是温度和湿度;以土壤氮矿化比例极差计,温度和海拔高度影响较大。海拔高度对土壤氮矿化量的影响显著(p<0.05)。除湿度外,其它因素对土壤氮矿化比例影响也达到显著程度(p<0.10)。35℃下土壤氮矿化比例显著比5℃下高,而不同湿度下土壤氮矿化及其矿化比例差异不显著(p<0.05)。海拔高度3000m和3300m处土壤氮矿化量比2800m和2200m处高,2800m处比2200m处高,3000m处土壤氮矿化比例显著比2200m和3300m处高(p<0.05)。森林和干旱草原土壤中氮矿化比例较高,荒漠草原和高寒草甸中较低。以土壤氮矿化速率计,5℃升高到15℃下和15℃升到25℃,Q10较低;以土壤氮矿化比例计,5℃升高到15℃下,Q10较高,15℃到25℃较低。研究结果说明高寒草甸和山地森林土壤氮矿化量较高,干旱草原和荒漠草原土壤氮矿化量较低;森林和干旱草原中土壤氮矿化比例较高,荒漠草原和高寒草甸中较低。     

高寒沙区两种典型固沙植物改良土壤的策略

植被恢复与重建是退化土地生态修复的重要途径,植物与土壤环境的关系一直是热点科学问题,但对高寒沙区尚缺乏系统性的研究。为探明不同沙生植物对高寒沙地土壤的改良策略,以青海共和盆地中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)和乌柳(Salix cheilophila)两种典型固沙植物为研究对象,通过对比细根分布规律分析其环境适应性,结合林地土壤物理性质、有机碳含量和土壤含水量等要素,分析两种植物对土壤的改良作用。结果表明,(1)两种植物的细根主要集中在0-60 cm土层,中间锦鸡儿水平方向分布更多,且细根平均生物量密度和有机碳含量都高于乌柳。(2)乌柳人工林各深度土壤有机碳密度均高于中间锦鸡儿,其累计百分比在0-40 cm土层较高,中间锦鸡儿在40-120 cm较高。(3)两种人工林的土壤容重、最大持水量和毛管持水量均值差异不显著。中间锦鸡儿林地土壤容重在0-40 cm土层大于乌柳,在40-120 cm小于乌柳;其最大持水量和毛管持水量在0-60 cm小于乌柳,在60-120 cm大于乌柳。(4)两种人工林土壤含水量和土壤温度都呈表层高,随土壤深度递减趋势。乌柳林地各深度土壤含水量均高于中间锦鸡儿,土壤温度均低于中间锦鸡儿。研究表明,中间锦鸡儿的环境适应性和固沙能力较强,倾向于深层土壤改良和固碳策略;乌柳人工林的固碳作用和涵养水源能力较强,倾向于表层土壤改良和固碳策略;同时,两种人工林都倾向于表层保水的策略。该文通过对比分析不同沙生植物改良土壤的策略,为长期研究高寒沙区生态修复与优良固沙植物筛选等工作提供理论依据。     

长白山高山冻原氮素生物循环及与北极冻原的对比

利用分室模型对长白山高山冻原系统氮素生物循环进行了研究;利用植物属种共有率对长白山高山冻原与北极冻原进行了对比研究.结果表明,长白山高山冻原植物区系中有89.3%的属和58.6%的种与北极冻原共有,其中地衣、苔藓和维管束植物与北极冻原相似类群属和种的共有率分别为95.5%和58.7%、82.1%和76.3%、93.1%和40.5%.这种高度的共有率决定了长白山高山冻原和北极冻原的植物区系和植被外貌具有高度相似性.长白山高山冻原植被-土壤系统总氮净储存为 65 220.6 t,其中土壤库占99.3%.长白山高山冻原系统中氮在各个分室的储存量分别是:植被库237.4 t;凋落物库145.3 t;土壤库64 837.9 t.地上植物活体、地下根系、凋落物中氮素年转移量分别为: 131.7 t·a^-1, 58 t·a^-1和73.7 t·a^-1.     

高原高寒环境对武器装备的影响研究

目的研究高原高寒环境对武器装备的影响。方法利用查阅文献、问卷调查、实装检测等方法分析研究西南高原高寒环境对武器装备的影响。结果高原高寒环境对武器装备的性能、电子设备、机能、维修保养、射程偏差、机动能力等方面带来较大影响。结论高原高寒环境因素影响降低了武器装备环境适应性,降低了其原有的作战效能。研究分析结果将为相关论证、研制、生产、使用部门提供重要的借鉴意义。     

冻融交替对高寒草甸土壤微生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响

采用Bremner氮素分级方法,研究冻融交替对高寒草甸土壤微生物量氮和有机氮组分的影响.结果表明:随着冻融时间的变化,微生物量氮含量先减少后增加,在冻融1 d后达到最小值,4℃、-4℃、-4～4℃和-20～4℃处理下分别下降了50.37%、57.47%、37.79%和37.51%;氨基酸氮和氨基糖氮变化趋势相同,先增加后减少,均在冻融1 d后达到最大值,各处理氨基酸氮含量分别为处理前的1.6倍、1.47倍、1.44倍和1.5倍,氨基糖分别为处理前的1.66倍、1.58倍、1.65倍和1.91倍;氨态氮含量先增加后减少,-20～4℃处理在冻融1 d后为处理前的1.25倍,其余3个处理在冻融3 d后达到最大值;各处理酸解未知氮的变化趋势大体相同,在冻融25 d后达到最小值.研究表明冻融时间对微生物量氮和有机氮组分影响显著,微生物量氮含量是有机氮组分变化的主要原因.