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61.
沉淀分离富集-分光光度法测定海水中痕量活性磷酸盐 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,CTAB)可与磷钼蓝(phosphomolybdenum blue,PMB)生成水难溶的PMB-CTAB离子缔合物沉淀,从而分离富集水溶液中的PMB。该沉淀易溶于硫酸乙醇溶液,溶液在700 nm有强吸收,基于此建立了沉淀分离富集-分光光度法测定海水中痕量活性磷酸盐的新方法。对溶剂酸度、试剂用量、反应时间与温度等实验参数进行了优化选择,并考察了盐度对测定结果的影响。实验结果表明,PMB可被CTAB有效地定量沉淀;盐度在15~45范围内,对测定结果无影响。在优化的实验条件下,以盐度为35的人工海水为基底,做空白加P标实验,方法的线性范围为0.30~8.00μg/L,平均回收率为95.0%,方法检测限为0.10μg/L。对实际海水中痕量活性磷酸盐进行测定,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.4%~7.1%,与广泛采用的MAGIC法比较,置信度为99%时结果无显著差异。新方法具有消耗试样体积少、测定速度快等优点。 相似文献
62.
Andrew S. Jones Allan A. Andales Jos L. Chvez Cullen McGovern Garvey E.B. Smith Olaf David Steven J. Fletcher 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2020,56(2):201-211
We apply predictive weather metrics and land model sensitivities to improve the Colorado State University Water Irrigation Scheduler for Efficient Application (WISE). WISE is an irrigation decision aid that integrates environmental and user information for optimizing water use. Rainfall forecasts and verification performance metrics are used to estimate predictive rainfall probabilities that are used as input data within the irrigation decision aid. These input data errors are also used within a land model sensitivity study to diagnose important prognostic water movement behaviors for irrigation tool development purposes simultaneously performing the analysis in space and time. Thus, important questions such as “how long can a crop water application be delayed while maintaining crop yield production?” are addressed by evaluating crop growth stage interactions as a function of soil depth (i.e., space), rainfall events (i.e., time), and their probabilistic uncertainties. Editor’s note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series. 相似文献
63.
Rainfall interception represents the amount of water trapped in natural cover that is not drained directly to the ground. Intercepted rainfall may evaporate after a rain event, making it one of the main drivers of water balance and hydrologic regionalization. This process can be affected by factors such as climate, altitude, vegetation type, and topography. Here is a simple method of calculating rainfall interception in temperate forests using in Santa Maria Yavesia, Oaxaca, and Mexico as an illustrative study area. We used two rain gauges to measure net precipitation (Np) under the canopy at each study site and one gauge outside the canopy to obtain gross precipitation (Gp). Throughfall (Th) was indirectly measured using hemispherical photographs. Rainfall interception was obtained through a combination Th and Gp and Np. The mean rainfall interception was 50.6% in the Abies forests, 23%–40% in the coniferous‐mixed forests, and 27.4% in the broad‐leaved forests. We classified rainfall events by intensity to determine the effect of canopy structure and precipitation and found that 75% of the events were weak events, 24% were moderate events, and 1% were strong events. In addition, we found that rainfall interception was lower when the intensity of precipitation was higher. Our method can be replicated in different ecosystems worldwide as a tool for assessing the influence of rainfall interception in terms of ecological services. 相似文献
64.
Muluken E. Muche Sumathy Sinnathamby Rajbir Parmar Christopher D. Knightes John M. Johnston Kurt Wolfe S. Thomas Purucker Michael J. Cyterski Deron Smith 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2020,56(3):486-506
Gridded precipitation datasets are becoming a convenient substitute for gauge measurements in hydrological modeling; however, these data have not been fully evaluated across a range of conditions. We compared four gridded datasets (Daily Surface Weather and Climatological Summaries [DAYMET], North American Land Data Assimilation System [NLDAS], Global Land Data Assimilation System [GLDAS], and Parameter‐elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model [PRISM]) as precipitation data sources and evaluated how they affected hydrologic model performance when compared with a gauged dataset, Global Historical Climatology Network‐Daily (GHCN‐D). Analyses were performed for the Delaware Watershed at Perry Lake in eastern Kansas. Precipitation indices for DAYMET and PRISM precipitation closely matched GHCN‐D, whereas NLDAS and GLDAS showed weaker correlations. We also used these precipitation data as input to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model that confirmed similar trends in streamflow simulation. For stations with complete data, GHCN‐D based SWAT‐simulated streamflow variability better than gridded precipitation data. During low flow periods we found PRISM performed better, whereas both DAYMET and NLDAS performed better in high flow years. Our results demonstrate that combining gridded precipitation sources with gauge‐based measurements can improve hydrologic model performance, especially for extreme events. 相似文献
65.
以碳酸镁为吸附剂,在镉离子初始浓度为0~6 mmol/L,初始pH值为4和7的条件下,研究了碳酸镁与镉离子的吸附与沉淀作用。结果表明,由于碳酸镁的溶解及与体系中氢离子的中和,碳酸镁—镉体系的最终pH值为10.4左右;体系的平衡pH值随着镉离子初始浓度的增加而减小;体系中镉的平衡浓度随着初始镉离子浓度的增加缓慢上升;碳酸镁对镉的吸附等温线为折线型,不符合Freundlich和Langmuir模型,符合伪二阶吸附动力学模型。结合碳酸镁吸附镉前后固相表征的结果,说明碳酸镁与镉离子的作用机制随着镉离子浓度的增加,从离子交换发展为离子交换和表面配位反应并存,最后表现为表面沉淀。 相似文献
66.
生活垃圾渗滤液处理工艺探讨 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
分析了国内生活垃圾(以下简称垃圾)渗滤液的特点,探讨了一种比较科学的垃圾渗滤液处理工艺:沉淀-厌氧处理-MBR-纳滤处理,并且分析了各段工艺的原理、特点以及其作用。 相似文献
67.
68.
Richard C. Warner Carmen T. Agouridis Page T. Vingralek Alex W. Fogle 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2010,46(4):724-732
Warner, Richard C., Carmen T. Agouridis, Page T. Vingralek, and Alex W. Fogle, 2010. Reclaimed Mineland Curve Number Response to Temporal Distribution of Rainfall. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 724-732. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00444.x Abstract: The curve number (CN) method is a common technique to estimate runoff volume, and it is widely used in coal mining operations such as those in the Appalachian region of Kentucky. However, very little CN data are available for watersheds disturbed by surface mining and then reclaimed using traditional techniques. Furthermore, as the CN method does not readily account for variations in infiltration rates due to varying rainfall distributions, the selection of a single CN value to encompass all temporal rainfall distributions could lead engineers to substantially under- or over-size water detention structures used in mining operations or other land uses such as development. Using rainfall and runoff data from a surface coal mine located in the Cumberland Plateau of eastern Kentucky, CNs were computed for conventionally reclaimed lands. The effects of temporal rainfall distributions on CNs was also examined by classifying storms as intense, steady, multi-interval intense, or multi-interval steady. Results indicate that CNs for such reclaimed lands ranged from 62 to 94 with a mean value of 85. Temporal rainfall distributions were also shown to significantly affect CN values with intense storms having significantly higher CNs than multi-interval storms. These results indicate that a period of recovery is present between rainfall bursts of a multi-interval storm that allows depressional storage and infiltration rates to rebound. 相似文献
69.
70.
分别采用石灰乳化学沉淀法和低温结晶法去除烟气脱硫溶液中的SO42-。实验结果表明:在室温、CaO溶液质量分数25%的条件下,石灰乳化学沉淀法对SO42-的去除率仅为59.51%,且向溶液中引入了Ca2+,产生的硫酸钙固体废物难以再生利用;采用低温结晶法处理烟气脱硫溶液,在结晶温度7 ℃、结晶时间3 h、NaOH加入量34.8 g/L的条件下,SO42-的去除率为82.04%、滤液中的ρ(Na+)为3.88 g/L。在现场工业应用试验中,采用低温结晶法去除烟气脱硫溶液中的SO42-,平均SO42-的去除率可达70.00%以上,滤液中的ρ(Na+)小于15.00 g/L。该法可有效抑制烟气脱硫溶液中SO42-含量的增加。 相似文献