太湖地区的水资源与水环境——问题、原因与管理

太湖目前主要存在的问题是:①1998年太湖达标排放以来北太湖地区与梅梁湾的水环境没有如预期的那样得到显著改善;②太湖地区的洪涝问题并没有消除,相反随着经济的发展,其易损性增加;③东太湖的沼泽化与富营养化日趋严重,极大地降低了湖泊泄洪能力与供水能力。东太湖的沼泽化与富营养化与养殖业的无计划发展有很大关系,主要是管理所造成的。洪涝问题则是由于流域下垫面的急剧变化导致洪峰提前和洪峰流量增大。     

利用菌-藻体系净化水产养殖废水

采用正交法确定由地衣芽孢杆菌、硝化细菌、月芽藻、四尾栅藻组成的菌-藻体系去除水产养殖废水中的COD_Cr,NH₄+-N,NO₂－-N,NO₃－-N以及溶解态磷(DP)的最优化体积比.结果表明,地衣芽孢杆菌、硝化细菌、月芽藻、四尾栅藻接种量分别为2.01×106, 2.18×106, 1.95×106和1.89×106 cfu/mL,V(地衣芽孢杆菌)∶V(硝化细菌)∶V(月芽藻)∶V(四尾栅藻)为1∶2∶2∶2时,污染物的去除效果最佳,其中,COD_Cr,NH₄+-N,NO₂－-N,NO₃－-N和DP的去除率分别为44.05%,89.16%,100%,98.62%和100%,投加菌-藻溶液的养殖废水污染物去除率优于其自身的净化效果.通过对体系中各因素极差分析得出,地衣芽孢杆菌是体系中去除COD_Cr和NO₃－-N的主要因素,月芽藻是去除NH₄+-N的主要因素,四尾栅藻是去除NO₂－-N的主要因素,硝化细菌是去除DP的主要因素.      

厦门同安湾养殖海域有机锡化合物的污染历史及其来源分析

通过对厦门同安湾养殖海域沉积物柱样（柱深180 cm）中6种不同形态有机锡化合物（丁基锡和苯基锡）的GC-FPD定量分析测定,并结合210Pb同位素定年,追溯了该地区近几十年来有机锡污染的沉积历史（1931～2007年）.研究表明,该海域从20世纪50年代（0～80 cm段）开始出现有机锡化合物污染,总有机锡化合物的含...     

养殖塘CH4排放特征及其影响因素

富营养化的养殖塘是重要的甲烷(CH_4)排放源.为明确养殖塘CH_4排放特征及其影响因素,本研究利用倒置漏斗法和体积扩散模型法,分别对安徽全椒两个养殖塘冬、春季CH_4冒泡通量和扩散通量进行了多日连续观测.结果表明,冬季CH_4冒泡通量白天高于夜间,夜间几乎为零;春季夜间高于白天.在季节尺度上,冬季CH_4冒泡通量显著低于春季,分别为3. 92mg·(m~2·d)-1和106. 94 mg·(m~2·d)-1;冬季CH_4扩散通量略高于春季,分别为2. 81 mg·(m~2·d)-1和0. 87 mg·(m~2·d)-1.自然因素(水温和气压)与CH_4冒泡通量和扩散通量显著相关.其中随水温的升高、气压的降低,CH_4冒泡通量分别呈指数递增和线性递增趋势.人工管理措施(冬季排水和春季施粪)会显著提高CH_4冒泡通量,但对扩散通量的影响并不显著.在冬季排水期间,水深与CH_4冒泡通量显著负相关;在春季鸡粪投放点,CH_4冒泡通量可高达1002. 30 mg·(m~2·d)-1.本研究可为评估小型养殖塘对全球碳循环的贡献提供数据支撑.     

Evaluation of a cost e ective technique for treating aquaculture water discharge using Lolium perenne Lam as a biofilter

Wastewater stabilization ponds generate low cost by-products that are useful for agriculture. The utilization of these by-products for soil amendment and as a source of nutrients for plants requires a high level of sanitation and stabilization of the organic matter, to maintain acceptable levels of soil, water and air quality. In this study, two aquaculture wastewater treatment systems; recirculating system and a floating plant bed system were designed to improve the quality of irrigation water in local communities with low income. In both systems the grass species Lolium perenne Lam was used as a plant biofilter while vegetable specie Amaranthus viridis was used to evaluate the performance of the system and the suitability of the phyto-treated water for irrigation. It was found that the harmful material removal rate for recirculating system was 88.9% for TAN （total ammonia nitrogen）, 90% for NO2--N, 64.8% for NO3--N while for floating plant bed system 82.7% for TAN, 82% for NO2--N and 60.5% for NO3--N. Comparative analysis of the efficiency of waste element removal between the two systems revealed that both systems performed well, however, plant growth was not robust for floating plant bed system while recirculating system is energy consuming. Although both systems did not attain sufficient levels of TN （total nitrogen） and TP （total phosphorus） load reduction, the treatment with L. perenne remarkably improved the irrigation water quality. A. viridis plants irrigated with the phyto-treated discharge water had lesser concentrations of heavy metals in their tissues compared to those irrigated with untreated discharge. The control plants irrigated with untreated discharge were also found to be highly lignified with few stems and small leaves.     

养殖池塘生态系统中磷的收支及解磷微生物的研究进展

综述了池塘养殖系统磷的收支情况.研究发现,在池塘养殖系统中,磷输出最主要的形式为底泥沉积,养殖池塘中存在着磷的总体利用效率不高,水体中活性磷含量低的问题.而解磷微生物的应用在一定程度上可有效解决上述问题,它们能将植物难以吸收利用的磷转化为可吸收利用的形态.通过阐述解磷微生物的种类、解磷效果及解磷机制,结合养殖池塘的情况,分析了将解磷微生物应用于水产养殖中的可行性,并对今后的研究方向作出了展望.结合我国水产养殖的实际情况,筛选适应池塘养殖环境的高效解磷微生物,并将其应用于池塘养殖中,使池塘沉积物中难溶性磷转化具备相当的可行性.     

以养殖固体废弃物发酵产物为碳源的SND系统的脱氮除磷效果

在连续低曝气的SBR装置中,采用人工模拟养殖废水培养成熟脱氮除磷污泥,研究了养殖固体废弃物发酵产物为碳源的养殖废水脱氮除磷效果。结果表明:在水力停留时间(HRT)为12 h,溶氧在0.04~1.5 mg/L之间,污泥经过25 d的驯化培养,反应器中形成了具有较高活性的同步硝化反硝化能力的污泥,以养殖固体废弃物发酵产物为碳源处理养殖废水,反应器中的COD、NO3--N和NH4+-N最大去除率分别能达到97.87%、94.95%和88.90%,且NO2--N完全不发生累积,其中C/N=7.35,即50 g湿重的养殖固体废弃物与2 L的养殖废水配比最佳,脱氮除磷效果最好,对TN的去除率在87%左右,能够较好完成同步脱氮除磷实现养殖固体废弃物的资源化利用,为循环水养殖系统零排放提供技术参考。     

斑石鲷循环水养殖系统生物滤池微生物群落对水质变化的动态响应

为了解斑石鲷循环水养殖系统生物滤池内部细菌群落组成及其净水机制,通过高通量测序方法,研究了不同时期各级生物滤池的细菌群落结构,分析了各级生物滤池的水质参数及水处理效果。结果表明：实验筛选出37 个门和513个细菌属,第3级生物滤池整体微生物群落丰富度和多样性均高于第1级和第2级生物滤池,第2级和第3级生物滤池微生物群落相似性最高。在门水平上,优势菌为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);在属水平上,发现了起硝化作用的亚硝化单胞菌属Nitrosomonas和硝化螺菌属Nitrospira;实验还发现该系统生物滤池可能存在功能上的浪费现象。该系统的细菌群落结构有稳定的演替模式,生物膜微生物群落变化对水质有一定程度的动态响应,Muricauda、Maribacter等反硝化细菌对硝态氮浓度的变化作用不明显。     

Policy challenges and approaches for the conservation of mangrove forests in Southeast Asia

Many drivers of mangrove forest loss operate over large scales and are most effectively addressed by policy interventions. However, conflicting or unclear policy objectives exist at multiple tiers of government, resulting in contradictory management decisions. To address this, we considered four approaches that are being used increasingly or could be deployed in Southeast Asia to ensure sustainable livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. First, a stronger incorporation of mangroves into marine protected areas (that currently focus largely on reefs and fisheries) could resolve some policy conflicts and ensure that mangroves do not fall through a policy gap. Second, examples of community and government comanagement exist, but achieving comanagement at scale will be important in reconciling stakeholders and addressing conflicting policy objectives. Third, private‐sector initiatives could protect mangroves through existing and novel mechanisms in degraded areas and areas under future threat. Finally, payments for ecosystem services (PES) hold great promise for mangrove conservation, with carbon PES schemes (known as blue carbon) attracting attention. Although barriers remain to the implementation of PES, the potential to implement them at multiple scales exists. Closing the gap between mangrove conservation policies and action is crucial to the improved protection and management of this imperiled coastal ecosystem and to the livelihoods that depend on them.     

移动床生物膜反应器净化模拟水产养殖废水的研究

采用移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）净化模拟水产养殖废水.结果表明,MBBR净化模拟水产养殖废水效果良好.在水力停留时间（HRT）为8 h,DO为2.0~3.0 mg·L^-1的条件下,反应器启动迅速、运行稳定,能使COD和氨氮去除率均达到80%以上,TP去除率达到50%左右;有机负荷为（0.76±0.03）kg·m^-3·d^-1时,TN及氨氮去除效果最好,去除率分别达到71.73%及98.42%.为达到良好的TN去除效果,有机负荷不宜低于0.5 kg·m^-3·d^-1;DO为（3.00±0.25）mg·L^-1时,TN去除效果最好,最有利于同步硝化反硝化;为保持较高的氨氮去除效率,并减少亚硝态氮积累,DO浓度不应低于2.0 mg·L^-1;HRT过短会使氨氮去除效率降低,且可能出现亚硝态氮积累;采用序批式进水运行方式,对TP的去除效果优于连续进水方式,但运行周期后半段会出现亚硝态氮积累,对鱼类产生危害.