三种水生植物对水体中营养物质吸附性能的对比分析

在人工模拟稻田水的条件下,文章利用芦苇、睡莲、菖蒲三种水生植物吸附稻田退水中的营养物质一氮和磷。本实验的稻田水主要是人工模拟的稻田水,同时配置了不同的营养物质浓度。实验结果表明：三种水生植物对稻田排水中的营养物质具有较好的吸附性能。其中,芦苇对稻田退水中TN、TP的吸附效果较好,去除率分为：79％、96％。本实验采用的植物混种法对于去除水体中营养物质也具有较好的吸附作用,特别是芦苇和菖蒲组合对水中TP的去除率高达97％。     

湿地水生植物的水质净化与资源化利用

介绍了湿地中水生植物的水质净化机理以及水生植物的生长、收割对水质净化效果的影响。对收获后大量水生植物的处置和资源化利用途径进行了综述,认为利用水生植物进行厌氧发酵制取清洁生物质能源是一种环保、经济、可行的方法,并探讨了水生植物成分对厌氧发酵特性的影响。     

饮用水源人工湿地运行初期水生植物繁衍研究

研究了大规模的城市饮用水源人工湿地运行初期水生植物繁衍特性和改进措施.建立了嘉兴市石臼漾生态湿地水生维管束植物名录,分析了水生植物的种类、分布面积、群落结构和生物量,目的旨在揭示石臼漾湿地运行初期其水生植物繁衍情况和群落结构特征,探讨水生植被的优化管理措施.石臼漾湿地现存水生维管束植物共计25科41属49种,远超过初始...     

制浆造纸废水对水生生物急性毒性研究

目前我国工业废水排放的监督和管理主要以理化监测为主,而理化分析并不能实际反映出水污染源对水体中受害生物的综合毒害强度。该研究同时采用鱼类急性毒性试验、溞类急性毒性试验、发光细菌急性毒性试验和藻类生长抑制试验测定制浆造纸排放废水的生物毒性大小,根据上述毒性实验所测定的半数效应的体积百分比浓度,筛选出对该行业废水最为敏感的毒性试验方法和试验生物,同时结合毒性单位法和废水中的常规污染物浓度与特征污染物对该排放废水进行了综合评价。试验结果表明:该制浆造纸废水对斑马鱼的96 h LC50为33.24%、33.33%和32.96%,属中毒;对大型溞的48 h LC50为27.01%和37.47%,属中毒;对青海弧菌Q67的15 min EC50远远小于10%,属高毒或剧毒;对斜生栅藻的96 h EC50为50%~100%,属低毒。可见,发光细菌毒性试验方法对制浆造纸废水最为灵敏;同时测定4类生物急性毒性的方法为建立我国重点废水排放行业的生物毒性监测方法体系和适合不同污染源废水的试验生物目录库奠定了基础;虽然部分制浆造纸废水的理化指标已经达标,但是其生物毒性较强,这说明采用生物毒性监测配合理化监测方法监测水污染源排放的废水,才能更深刻了解污染物对水生态环境的实际影响,水生生物毒性试验是化学试验的必要补充。     

内蒙古典型草原灌丛和草地斑块土壤水分入渗特征

Water is the most critical factor for controlling the vegetation pattern in arid and semiarid regions. Using a dye-tracing experiment, we analyzed the infiltration pattern beneath shrub canopy and interspace grass patches in typical steppe ecosystems. The dye coverage, uniform infiltration depth, maximum infiltration depth, total stained area and heterogeneous infiltration stained area were measured by two indices, the maximum infiltration depth index (MIDI) and heterogeneous infiltration index (HII), which were calculated by processing dye-stained photos. The MIDI and HII of soil under shrubs were 1.41±0.14 and 0.29±0.068, respectively, and larger than those of grass soil, 1.26±0.14 and 0.20±0.076. Using the MIDI, HII, field soil moisture and rainfall data, the infiltration depth and heterogeneous infiltration amount for 26 nature rainfall events were calculated. The results imply that water can infiltrate to a deeper layer beneath shrub canopy than beneath grass patches and that more water infiltration occurs beneath shrub canopy than beneath grass patches. These results are of prime importance for arid and semiarid ecosystems with a limited water supply due to high evaporation and low precipitation.     

Freshwater Mussel Population Status and Habitat Quality in the Clinch River,Virginia and Tennessee,USA: A Featured Collection

The Clinch River of southwestern Virginia and northeastern Tennessee is arguably the most important river for freshwater mussel conservation in the United States. This featured collection presents investigations of mussel population status and habitat quality in the Clinch River. Analyses of historic water‐ and sediment‐quality data suggest that water column ammonia and water column and sediment metals, including Cu and Zn, may have contributed historically to declining densities and extirpations of mussels in the river's Virginia sections. These studies also reveal increasing temporal trends for dissolved solids concentrations throughout much of the river's extent. Current mussel abundance patterns do not correspond spatially with physical habitat quality, but they do correspond with specific conductance, dissolved major ions, and water column metals, suggesting these and/or associated constituents as factors contributing to mussel declines. Mussels are sensitive to metals. Native mussels and hatchery‐raised mussels held in cages in situ accumulated metals in their body tissues in river sections where mussels are declining. Organic compound and bed‐sediment contaminant analyses did not reveal spatial correspondences with mussel status metrics, although potentially toxic levels were found. Collectively, these studies identify major ions and metals as water‐ and sediment‐quality concerns for mussel conservation in the Clinch River.     

Assessing the Potential Effects of Fungicides on Nontarget Gut Fungi (Trichomycetes) and Their Associated Larval Black Fly Hosts

Fungicides are moderately hydrophobic and have been detected in water and sediment, particularly in agricultural watersheds, but typically are not included in routine water quality monitoring efforts. This is despite their widespread use and frequent application to combat fungal pathogens. Although the efficacy of these compounds on fungal pathogens is well documented, little is known about their effects on nontarget fungi. This pilot study, a field survey in southwestern Idaho from April to December 2010 on four streams with varying pesticide inputs (two agricultural and two reference sites), was conducted to assess nontarget impact of fungicides on gut fungi, or trichomycetes. Tissues of larval black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae), hosts of gut fungi, were analyzed for pesticide accumulation. Fungicides were detected in hosts from streams within agricultural watersheds but were not detected in hosts from reference streams. Gut fungi from agricultural sites exhibited decreased percent infestation, density and sporulation within the gut, and black fly tissues had elevated pesticide concentrations. Differences observed between the sites demonstrate a potential effect on this symbiotic system. Future research is needed to parse out the details of the complex biotic and abiotic relationships; however, these preliminary results indicate that impacts to nontarget organisms could have far‐reaching consequences within aquatic ecosystems.     

“三门六科”水质基准最少毒性数据需求原则

MTDR(最少毒性数据需求)是水质基准推算中数据应用的重要原则. 以重金属Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Hg2+、Cr6+为例,在广泛搜集物种毒性数据的基础上,通过数据比较分析,初步研究了我国水生生物基准的MTDR. 结果表明:Hg2+、Pb2+和Cu2+基于“三门六科”推导的急性基准值与基于美国“三门八科”MTDR的推算结果相近,分别相差20.5%、25.2%和33.3%;Cd2+、Zn2+和Cr6+的计算结果差别较为明显,表明相对于美国“三门八科”MTDR,在我国生物毒性数据缺乏的情况下,“三门六科”MTDR对于部分污染物基本可行,但仍具有一定的不确定性. “三门六科”包括鲤科、除鲤科外的另一科鱼类(冷水鱼优先)、两栖类、浮游甲壳类、昆虫类和环节动物类.      

邻苯二甲酸酯类对水生食物链的影响研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)增塑剂被普遍用于塑料制品中,在大气、水等环境中广泛存在,其潜在危害受到关注。水环境中的PAEs,从藻类等初级生产者吸收,到浮游动物、游泳动物等通过鳃和皮肤直接接触或捕食摄取,在水生生物之间转化和传递。笔者总结了PAEs在水生食物链中不同营养级生物体的含量,分析了PAEs在食物链中富集和转化的影响因素(辛醇-水分配系数Kow、代谢转化、生长阶段等)。目前的研究表明PAEs可能在食物链中传递,最终在较高营养级生物体中富集。同时总结了5种PAEs(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酯丁苄酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯和邻苯二甲酸二甲酯)对水生生物的毒性效应的研究进展,已有研究表明PAEs对藻类的细胞器和抗氧化体系,对鱼类的生殖系统、内分泌系统和抗氧化体系都有一定程度损伤。PAEs在食物链中传递和富集现象的存在会对高营养级水生生物产生潜在危害。针对目前PAEs在食物链中传递的研究数量较少、结构简单等问题,对未来研究方向做了简要分析和展望。     

松涛水库水生生物农药污染水平及健康风险评价

在海南省松涛水库采集了鱼类和螺蛳共34个样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)检测样品中农药的浓度,并根据美国环境保护署(US EPA)的健康风险评价模型对松涛水库周围人群通过饮食途径摄入水生生物进行健康风险评价。结果表明,检测的29种农药,仅有7种在大部分样品中检出,分别为2,4-DDE、4,4-DDE、2,4-DDD、4,4-DDD、4,4-DDT、甲氧滴滴涕和甲基对硫磷,它们的平均含量(以湿重计)分别为0.32 ng·g~(~(-1))、3.68 ng·g~(~(-1))、0.17 ng·g~(~(-1))、1.33 ng·g~(~(-1))、0.90 ng·g~(~(-1))、1.34 ng·g~(~(-1))、0.32 ng·g~(~(-1))。鱼类肌肉以及螺蛳肉中农药的健康风险评价远远低于可承受水平,表明食用这些鱼类与螺蛳所造成的健康风险比较低。与其他研究相比,松涛水库的农药污染程度较轻。造成不同生物体间的农药含量差异的主要原因可能是牙叉库区的农药污染比南丰和番加库区的污染严重。