Linking Terrestrial and Marine Conservation Planning and Threats Analysis

Abstract:  The existence of the Gulf of Mexico dead zone makes it clear that marine ecosystems can be damaged by terrestrial inputs. Marine and terrestrial conservation planning need to be aligned in an explicit fashion to fully represent threats to marine systems. To integrate conservation planning for terrestrial and marine systems, we used a novel threats assessment that included 5 cross-system threats in a site-prioritization exercise for the Pacific Northwest coast ecoregion (U.S.A.). Cross-system threats are actions or features in one ecological realm that have effects on species in another realm. We considered bulkheads and other forms of shoreline hardening threats to terrestrial systems and roads, logging, agriculture, and urban areas threats to marine systems. We used 2 proxies of freshwater influence on marine environments, validated against a mechanistic model and field observations, to propagate land-based threats into marine sites. We evaluated the influence of cross-system threats on conservation priorities by comparing MARXAN outputs for 3 scenarios that identified terrestrial and marine priorities simultaneously: (1) no threats, (2) single-system threats, and (3) single- and cross-system threats. Including cross-system threats changed the threat landscape dramatically. As a result the best plan that included only single-system threats identified 323 sites (161,500 ha) at risk from cross-system threats. Including these threats changed the location of best sites. By comparing the best and sum solutions of the single- and cross-system scenarios, we identified areas ideal for preservation or restoration through integrated management. Our findings lend quantitative support to the call for explicitly integrated decision making and management action in terrestrial and marine ecosystems.     

Managing Invasive Aquatic Plants in a Changing System: Strategic Consideration of Ecosystem Services

Abstract:  Climate change is projected to increase stress for many coastal plant communities. Along large portions of the North American coast, habitat degradation from anthropogenic changes to the environment already threaten the community structure of tidal marshes and submerged aquatic grass beds. The potential loss of ecological services historically provided by these communities has been a long-standing rationale for aggressive control of invading plants such as Phragmites australis and Hydrilla verticillata . Increasing evidence of ecological services provided by invasive species such as P. australis and H. verticillata suggest that, in the face of increasing stress, it may be prudent to take a more pragmatic approach regarding the effect of these species on coastal ecosystems. The notable resilience of these species to control efforts and their competitive success and comparative vigor in stressed systems and capacity to provide at least some beneficial services combine to suggest some invasive species may have a useful role in managed coastal ecosystems.     

人工复合生态系统对太湖局部水域水质的净化作用

根据不同生态类型水生高等植物的净化能力及其微生境特点,设计建造了由漂浮、浮叶、沉水植物及其根际微生物等组成的人工复合生态系统（artificialcomplexecosystem;AcE）,并在太湖五里湖中桥湖湾内以动态模拟试验,从群落水平研究了多种水生植物镶嵌组合的人工复合生态系统对富营养化湖水的净化能力。结果表明,富营养化湖水经该系统净化后,藻类生物量（以Chla计）下降58％,氨氮下降66％,总氮下降60％,总磷下降72％,可溶性磷酸盐下降80％,水质得到明显改善。与以该湖湾湖水为水源的水厂出水相比,人工复合生态系统出水的氨氮比水厂出水的氨氮平均低45％,总氮低37％,可见经人工复合生态系统处理的湖水部分指标优于同源的自来水。     

硫丹的环境行为及水生态毒理效应研究进展

有机氯农药硫丹作为一种典型的持久性有机污染物(POPs)曾广泛应用于农业生产,我国曾大量使用。硫丹作为一种重要的污染物通过地表径流、淋、溶、干/湿沉降等方式进入水体,在直接影响大型水生植物和浮游藻类的同时,给鱼类等水生动物也带来了一定的毒性效应。由于其半衰期较长、迁移能力强、富集性高,在水体环境中已普遍检测出硫丹的存在,因此,对硫丹的水生生态安全性评价显得十分重要。硫丹对水生生物具有高毒性,它可影响生物正常受体配体作用、损伤生物膜、影响活性氧代谢并具有潜在的内分泌干扰作用。本文介绍了硫丹的环境行为效应,并综述了硫丹对水生生物的毒性及几种致毒机制,展望了该领域今后的研究重点和方向。     

应用物种敏感性分布评估微(纳米)塑料对水生生物的生态风险

水环境中的微(纳米)塑料对水生生物具有潜在的危害。为了评估微(纳米)塑料对水生生物的毒性效应及生态风险,本研究在广泛查阅并分析微(纳米)塑料相关毒理学研究数据的基础上,利用物种敏感性分布(Species Sensitivity Distributions,SSD)方法对其中5门10科11种水生生物的急性毒理数据进行曲线拟合;计算对应的5%危害浓度(the hazardous concentration for 5%of the species, HC_5)和潜在影响比例(potential affected fractions, PAF);计算了相应的急性生态效应阀值(predicted no effect concentration, PNEC_(acute)),并比较了各类水生生物对微(纳米)塑料的敏感性及其所受生态风险。结果表明,目前已有数据中微(纳米)塑料对费氏弧菌(Vibrio fischeri)的生态风险最大,对朱氏四爿藻(Tetraselmis chuii)的生态风险最小;基于Reweibull模型对水生生物数据所推导的PNEC_(acute)为0.185μg·L~(-1),约为当前微(纳米)塑料在水体环境中浓度的30%。利用SSD来预测微(纳米)塑料不同暴露浓度下对水生生物的PAF,发现当微(纳米)塑料暴露浓度小于10μg·L~(-1)时,水生生物所受的影响在可接受范围内;当暴露浓度达到1 000μg·L~(-1)时,将有26%的物种受到微(纳米)塑料的危害。此外,利用Rurrlioz软件估算了世界典型淡水与海水水域表层水体中微塑料对水生生物的PAF值,发现其PAF预测值都为0;将各水域微塑料浓度与急性生态效应阀值PNEC_(acute)比较后发现,除太湖外,其他水体环境中微塑料浓度都低于PNEC_(acute),说明如果只考虑微塑料本身的影响,目前世界典型水域表层水中微塑料对水生生物的危害程度大部分都在可接受的范围之内。     

浮游动物物种构成对于淡水测试系统抗农药胁迫能力的影响

多物种系统在农药生态效应的评估中不可或缺,有必要探索系统的建立和应用,为此笔者构建了包含隆线溞(Daphnia carinata)、中华薄壳介(Dolerocypris sinensis)和锯缘真剑水蚤(Eucyclops serrulatus) 3种节肢动物当中的1种或全部,以及包含萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)的4组多物种系统。它们被用来测量杀虫剂毒死蜱的群落效应。研究结果显示,包含3种节肢动物的测试系统比只包含1种的系统中群落结构更稳定,更能够揭示杀虫剂对轮虫的诱导效应,其对杀虫剂也更敏感。毒死蜱在该系统内的最高无作用浓度(NOEC)和最低有效浓度(LOEC)分别为0.25和1.25μg·L~(-1)。本研究所构建的是一类总氮、总磷和浊度水平趋于下降的测试系统。杀虫剂的引入促进了系统内p H、铵态氮和电导率水平的上升以及总氮、总磷和浊度水平的下降。从LOEC的数值及持续时间上看,游离态壳二糖酶可以被用来指示农药对浮游动物的胁迫。本研究的结果显示,包含3种节肢动物的测试系统能够更准确地衡量农药对浮游动物的生态胁迫。     

Acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos to embryo and larvae of banded gourami Trichogaster fasciata

This study elucidated the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos on the early life stages of banded gourami (Trichogaster fasciata). To determine the acute effects of chlorpyrifos on their survival and development, we exposedthe embryos and two-day-old larvae to six concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.10, 1.0, 10 and 100 µg L^?1) of chlorpyrifos in plastic bowls. Log-logistic regression was used to calculate LC10 and LC50 values. Results showed that embryo mortality significantly increased with increasing chlorpyrifos concentrations. The 24-h LC10 and LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of chlorpyrifos for embryos were 0.89 (0.50–1.58) and 11.8 (9.12–15.4) µg L^?1, respectively. Hatching success decreased and mortality of larvae significantly increased with increasing concentrations of chlorpyrifos. The 24-h LC10 and LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of chlorpyrifos for larvae were 0.53 (0.27–1.06) and 21.7 (15.9–29.4) µg L^?1, respectively; the 48-h LC10 and LC50 for larvae were 0.04 (0.02–0.09) and 5.47 (3.77–7.94) µg L^?1, respectively. The results of this study suggest that 1 µg L^?1 of chlorpyrifos in the aquatic environment may adversely affect the development and the reproduction of banded gourami. Our study also suggests that banded gourami fish can serve as an ideal model species for evaluating developmental toxicity of environmental contaminants.     

基于TOP-RICE模型嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂稻田水溢出对水生生态系统风险评估研究

为评估嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂在我国稻田水溢出对水生生态系统的风险,本研究依据中华人民共和国农业行业标准NY/T 2882.2—2016《农药登记环境风险评估指南第2部分:水生生态系统》,采用TOP-RICE暴露模型分别单独评估了嘧菌酯和噻呋酰胺2种有效成分稻田滴撒方式应用时水溢出对水生生态系统的风险。其中,TOP-RICE初级暴露模型中有我国连平和南昌2个水稻-地下水暴露场景,每个场景都对分蘖期和拔节期进行分别评估。分析结果显示,嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂中的嘧菌酯按照申请的良好农业规范(GAP)使用,生物富集风险可接受,初级风险评估对无脊椎动物(急性)和无脊椎动物(慢性)风险不可接受,但经中宇宙研究后,在连平和南昌2个场景点,均为拔节期用药对无脊椎动物的风险可接受,但分蘖期用药对无脊椎动物的风险不可接受;嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂中的噻呋酰胺按照申请的GAP使用,生物富集带来的风险可以接受,经初级风险评估风险均可接受。在忽略2种有效成分相互间作用时,初步认为嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂在我国稻田拔节期按照GAP要求施用时水溢出对水生生态系统的风险可接受,但应避免在分蘖期用药,以免其中的有效成分嘧菌酯对水生无脊椎动物产生不良影响。     

水布垭水库水体碳时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

为了评估大型水库对河流碳循环的拦截作用,选择清江流域最上游水布垭水库为典型案例,采用德国元素公司vario TOC分析仪对定期采集水样进行分析,研究新建大型水库水体碳时空分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,水布垭水库表层水体总碳、总无机碳、溶解有机碳和颗粒有机碳平均含量分别为26.665、24.089、2.141和0.438 mg/L,在水库年内蓄水阶段呈现显著的峰值,其空间分布格局在支流库湾和坝前典型断面表现出显著的差异,在水体碳中总无机碳占据主导地位,与湖泊水体碳时空分布特征极为相似。由于受到人类活动和自然环境的双重影响,水体无机碳则与水体电导率指标具有较强的相关性,溶解有机碳则与水体温度具有直接的关系,而数量最少的颗粒有机碳则与水体叶绿素含量具有弱相关关系。研究成果可以为理解水库碳循环过程机制提供数据支持,对于开展大坝建设的河流碳循环影响评估具有重要参考意义。     

A Review of the Northern Ecosystem Initiative in Arctic Canada: Facilitating Arctic Ecosystem Research Through Traditional and Novel Approaches

The Canadian Arctic is undergoing considerable social and environmental change. Anthropogenic stressors on this sensitive environment include climate change, contaminants, resource extraction, tourism and increasing human populations. The Northern Ecosystem Initiative (NEI) is a program aimed at supporting the sustainability of northern communities, and at improving our understanding of how northern ecosystems respond to these environmental stressors. A key element of the NEI is to establish partnerships between all levels of government, non-governmental environmental agencies, and northern residents. The NEI is an important source of financial support critical for social and environmental scientists as well as northern residents and their community and regional organizations. Initiated in 1998, the NEI has supported numerous northern scientific and capacity-building projects, and has evaluated the information gained from this work to refine and focus its future support to address key information gaps and northern needs.