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731.
732.
733.
几种典型有害化学品对水生生物的急性毒性 总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25
采用水体中3个营养级别的水生生物(绿藻、水Sou和鱼)测试卤代酚类、硝基苯类、烷基苯类典型有毒有害化学品对水生生物的急性毒性,同时对上述物质对水生生物的安全性进行初步评估,并预测了上述物质对水生生物的环境安全浓度,研究结果表明,在3类12种有机污染物中,卤代酚类物质对水生生物的毒性最强,其中五氯苯酚对水生生物具有极高毒性。在3个营养级别的受试生物中,剑尾鱼对上述毒物具有较好的敏感性,结果稳定,重现性好,说明剑尾鱼是一种优良的水生毒性试验材料,图1表3参11。 相似文献
734.
城市湖泊生态恢复与景观设计 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
按照从水生生态系统向陆地生态系统过渡的顺序,尝试提出了城市湖泊水生植被恢复与景观设计、湖滨带生态恢复与景观设计以及湖岸和连通沟渠生态恢复与景观设计的设计思路,并逐一进行分析。 相似文献
735.
Khalid Karim Maureen E. Gubbels Ian C. Goulter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(6):1063-1077
ABSTRACT: A critical examination of the techniques used to assess and specify environmental instream flow requirements is provided. The strengths and weaknesses of individual techniques are evaluated on both an absolute and a comparative basis. Particular attention is given to the problem of specifying environmental flow requirements in Australia where the hydrology has distinctly different characteristics to those in countries where most of the models for prediction of instream flow requirements were developed. Broad recommendations as to the suitability and use of the different techniques for different conditions are provided. 相似文献
736.
David P. Groeneveld Richard H. French 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(3):505-514
ABSTRACT: Control of emergent aquatic plants such as tule (Scirpus acutus Muhl.; Bigel.) is of direct interest to managers of surface waters in Western North America. Where conditions of water velocity and depth occur that permit this and similar species to colonize and grow, their clonal habit may restrict, or even block, open channels within several seasons after their establishment. Fortunately, sufficient flow depth and velocity naturally prevent these plants from growing into and blocking channels. We investigated physical constraints for tule stem growth with the ultimate intent to apply this knowledge in rehabilitating 60 miles of the diverted Owens River in Eastern California, presently choked with emergent growth. Bending stress resulting from hydrodynamic drag on tule stems was found to induce lodging; permanent deformation and consequent loss of function. The depth-velocity envelope describing this process (at 95 percent confidence) is uD/d= 12.8 where u = average velocity acting upon the stem (m/s), D = local depth of flow (m), and d = tule stem diameter at the point of attachment (m). Maintaining a discharge or reconfiguring a channel so this critical depth-velocity-stem diameter envelope is exceeded (predictable using flow models) through the summer growing period should prevent encroachment into an active channel. 相似文献
737.
Christopher A. Frissell David Bayles 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1996,32(2):229-240
ABSTRACT: Ecologically effective ecosystem management will require the development of a robust logic, rationale, and framework for addressing the inherent limitations of scientific understanding. It must incorporate a strategy for avoiding irreversible or large-scale environmental mistakes that arise from social and political forces that tend to promote fragmented, uncritical, short-sighted, inflexible, and overly optimistic assessments of resource status, management capabilities, and the consequences of decisions and policies. Aquatic resources are vulnerable to the effects of human activities catchment-wide, and many of the landscape changes humans routinely induce cause irreversible damage (e.g., some species introductions, extinctions of ecotypes and species) or give rise to cumulative, long-term, large-scale biological and cultural consequences (e.g., accelerated erosion and sedimentation, deforestation, toxic contamination of sediments). In aquatic ecosystems, biotic impoverishment and environmental disruption caused by past management and natural events profoundly constrain the ability of future management to maintain biodiversity and restore historical ecosystem functions and values. To provide for rational, adaptive progress in ecosystem management and to reduce the risk of irreversible and unanticipated consequences, managers and scientists must identify catchments and aquatic networks where ecological integrity has been least damaged by prior management, and jointly develop means to ensure their protection as reservoirs of natural biodiversity, keystones for regional restoration, management models, monitoring benchmarks, and resources for ecological research. 相似文献
738.
K. R. Reddy E. Flaig L. J. Scinto O. Diaz T. A. DeBusk 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1996,32(5):901-915
ABSTRACT: The ability to predict how streams and wetlands retain phosphorus (P) is critical to the management of watersheds that contribute nutrients to adjacent aquatic systems such as lakes. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the P assimilatory capacity of a stream (Otter Creek) in the Taylor Creek/Nubbin Slough Basin located north of Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Dominant soils in this basin are sandy Spodosols; landuse is primarily dairy farms and beef cattle pastures. Estimates of P assimilation show that sediments assimilate approximately 5 percent of the P load. Phosphorus assimilation rates in the stream were estimated using first-order relationships based on the total P concentration of the water column as a function of distance from the primary source. This method assumes minimal lateral inputs. Stream lengths required for one turnover in P assimilation were estimated to be in the range of 3–16 km. Laboratory studies using intact sediment cores indicated a P assimilation rate of 0.025 m day?1, and equilibrium P concentration of 0.16 ± 0.03 mg L?1 in the water column. Dissolved P concentration gradients in the sediments showed upward flux of P at water column P concentration of <0.16 mg L?1. Approximately 56–77 percent of the P assimilated in the above-ground vegetation during active growth was released or translocated within six months of senesence, suggesting short-term storage in above-ground vegetation. Bottom sediments and recalcitrant detrital plant tissue provide for long-term P assimilation in the creek. Although stream sediments have the potential to adsorb P, high flow rate and low contact period between water and sediment limits this process. 相似文献
739.
Joanne Heckman 《Environmental management》1985,9(2):141-149
The Cape Verde Islands originally supported a limited island ecology which, since the arrival of settlers 500 years ago, has been steadily altered or destroyed. Today, deforestation and overfarming, combined with the natural conditions of aridity and strong winds, have rendered the islands barren and eroded. The current government of the Republic of Cape Verde is attempting to alter traditional attitudes and customs of environmental neglect and mismanagement, while at the same time striving to restore or create self-sustaining ecosystems. The introduction of plants, animals, and physical structures enhancing soil and water conservation may create a more viable total ecosystem than existed before humans arrived. 相似文献
740.
R. Christian Jones Christopher C. Clark 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1987,23(6):1047-1055
ABSTRACT: The impact of urbanization on stream insect communities was determined by sampling 22 sites in northern Virginia representing a range of human population densities. Watershed development had little effect on the total insect numbers (no./m2), but shifted the taxonomic composition markedly. Relative abundance of Diptera (mainly chironomids) increased at more highly urbanized sites, while most other insect orders including Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Coleoptera (bettles), Megaloptera (dobsonflies), and Plecoptera (stone-flies) decreased. Trichoptera (caddisfiles) exhibited a variable response. Genus diversity and richness (number of genera) were significantly higher in less urbanized streams. Two genera of chironomids were positively correlated with increased urbanization, while 14 other genera (scattered through several orders) were negatively related to human population density. Principal components analysis demonstrated a gradient from more urbanized to less urbanized stations based on generic and order level biological data. Results of this study indicate that watershed urbanization has a major impact on benthic insect communities even in the absence of point source discharges. 相似文献