门头沟煤矿区土壤有机污染特征与微生物特性

以自动索氏提取、GC-MS分析等复合方法体系对煤矿区土壤有机污染物特征、基本理化特性和微生物性质构成的土壤微生态环境进行了研究.结果表明,煤矿区土壤受到了不同程度的有机物污染,其含量分布在0.4～1.5 mg/g干土之间,为同地区背景土样的1.5～6倍.有机污染物中饱和烃和芳香烃等轻质组分含量超过40%,以C15以上的...     

可变电荷土壤和恒电荷土壤与氢离子的反应动力学

在研究可变电荷土壤和恒电荷土壤与H+的反应动力学中,重点考察了H⁺、表面正电荷和可溶性铝随时间变化的特征及影响因素.结果表明,1类土壤中H⁺消耗都可分快速反应和慢速反应2个阶段,但其具体表现和影响因素不同;因氧化铁含量不同,H⁺加入后2类土壤表面正电荷变化存在明显差异;可溶性铝随时间的变化主要受土壤粘土矿物组成、溶解度及溶解动力学控制;2类土壤的可溶性铝的变化可同时用修正的Elovich方程和双常数速率方程描述.     

稀土矿区土壤和蔬菜稀土元素含量及其健康风险评价

通过野外取样调查和室内ICP-MS测定,研究了福建省长汀县稀土矿区蔬菜地土壤(0 ～20 cm)及主要蔬菜中稀土元素的含量,同时评价了食用蔬菜对人体可能产生的健康风险.结果表明,蔬菜地土壤中稀土元素平均含量高于福建省背景值,芋头和空心菜中稀土元素的平均含量分别为3.68和0.92 mg·kg-1(鲜重),超过了蔬菜卫生标准限值(0.7 mg·kg-1).8种蔬菜中稀土元素含量的大小:芋头＞空心菜＞生菜＞上海青＞豆角＞茄子＞白萝卜＞大白菜;除芋头外,一般为多叶绿色蔬菜的稀土元素含量较高,而无叶蔬菜含量较低.矿区居民血液和头发中稀土元素的平均含量高于正常人,超标量达155.6和9.6倍,井水中稀土元素的平均含量是福州市饮用水的119倍.当地居民通过蔬菜和井水摄入的稀土元素终生日平均量为12.4699 mg·kg-1·d-1,超过稀土对人体亚临床损害剂量的临界值(6.0 ～6.7 mg·kg-1·d-1),当地居民面临着较大的健康风险.部分蔬菜对土壤中稀土元素具有较大的吸收和累积量,因此,当地居民应选择具有低积累量的蔬菜品种,以降低稀土元素对人体健康的危害.     

基于随机模糊理论的土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价及溯源分析

鉴于常用确定性土壤环境污染评价法难以真实、全面地表征实地污染信息,借助随机-模糊耦合理论及多元统计分析技术,建立了基于随机模糊的土壤潜在生态风险评价及溯源分析的决策支持体系.实例研究表明:实例地区土壤中Cd和Ni隶属于极强生态污染和强生态污染的概率分别为100%和26%,应作为优先控制污染因子;40000次模拟下随机模糊评价法得出的实例区域各重金属潜在生态危害系数值的绝对误差基本均小于对应单纯蒙特卡罗模拟方法评价结果的绝对误差,故随机模糊评价法更适用于常见的样本少、样本精度低等情况,可集成更多土壤环境信息;随机模糊评价法可直接通过实数间计算得到结果隶属于各生态风险等级的可信度,在计算效率(1.5 h)上超过单纯的模糊评价方法(3.5 h);基于对模型不确定性的考虑,提出了基于Monte Carlo抽样下的随机模糊模拟(MC-TFN)和Latin Hypercube抽样下的随机模糊模拟(LH-TFN)的联合模拟法,使评价过程更加稳健可靠.多元尺度分析技术下的溯源结论更有助于在评价结果基础上有的放矢地进行相关环境治理与修复决策.     

长期不同施肥对水稻土交换性钙、镁和有效硫、硅含量的影响

为探明合理施肥和土壤培肥的理论依据,研究了4种长期定位施肥(CK、NPK、OM30、OM60)对湖南主要水稻土交换性钙、交换性镁、有效硫、有效硅含量的影响.结果表明,长期不同施肥改变了供试水稻土中上述养分的含量.在含钙较低的黄泥田、河沙泥、红黄泥中,施肥使土壤交换性钙含量显著升高,在相同土壤中其含量高低依序为OM30,OM60,NPK;在含钙较多的青灰泥、白鳝泥、紫潮泥中,施肥使土壤交换性钙含量降低.降低幅度与施入的有机肥量呈负相关.在黄泥田、河沙泥、青灰泥、白鳝泥、紫潮泥中,施肥使交换性镁含量降低,而在红黄泥中施肥则使交换性镁含量升高.N-PK处理使含硫较高的黄泥田、青灰泥、白鳝泥、紫潮泥有效硫含量升高,使含硫较低的红黄泥有效硫含量降低;有机、无机肥配施处理(OM30、OM60)使所有试验水稻土有效硫含量升高.施用钙镁磷肥和有机肥能够提高土壤有效硅含量.     

竹银水库库底氮磷营养盐释放潜力研究

竹银水库是珠海新建的目前最大的对澳门供水水库,总库容达4500×104 m3。氮和磷是浮游植物生长繁殖的主要限制性营养元素,氮、磷的供应很大程度决定着水生生态系统的初级生产力和有机质的微生物循环,而水体氮、磷营养盐的一个重要来源就是沉积物,即底泥。以竹银水库蓄水前库内不同区域的底泥为对象,对水库内代表不同区域的10个位点底泥进行采样,通过水库蓄水模型装置,模拟无氧条件下各区域底泥在蓄水后短期内向上覆水体释放氮、磷营养盐的情况,并对释放到水体中的总氮、总磷进行2天一次的定期监测,评估该水库底泥氮、磷营养盐的释放潜力。结果表明：竹银水库库底氮、磷营养盐的释放存在空间差异,农业种植区和畜牧养殖区附近的采样点具有较大的总氮和总磷释放潜力;各采样点的总氮平均释放潜力达15 g·m-3,总磷平均释放潜力达30 mg·m-3,磷释放的风险远低于氮,磷仍将是竹银水库最主要的限制性营养元素;预计该水库在蓄水后10 d内最多可释放近1.7×105 kg的氮和1.5×103 kg左右的磷,按满库容计算,则底泥营养盐的释放使水库水体氮、磷营养盐质量浓度分别提高4.25 mg·L^-1和0.038 mg·L^-1。建议对不同区域性质的底泥采取具有针对性的处理措施：对农业种植区与牲畜养殖场区域的底泥应以清淤为主,对于其他区域可采取底泥覆盖等技术降低其营养盐释放风险。     

Concentrations of heavy metals in urban soils of Talcahuano (Chile): a preliminary study

Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the top-(0–10 cm) and sub-surface (10–20 cm) soils of the Talcahuano urban area were measured. The main soil properties (organic matter, CaCO₃, pH, particle sizes) were determined for a network of representative sampling sites. The mean Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents in the urban topsoil samples from Talcahuano (37.8, 22.6, 35.2, 333 mg kg⁻¹, respectively) were compared with mean concentrations for other cities around the world. The results revealed higher concentrations of heavy metals in topsoil samples than in sub-surface samples. The samples from IS1, IS2, and IS3, located in the Talcahuano industrial park, had higher Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn contents than did samples from the other sites. This was probably due to local pollution by industrial (metallurgical) dust, although other diffuse pollution throughout the entire port region (shipyards, metallurgy, the dismantling of old ships), and contributions from the wind from adjacent industrial, storage, and vessel areas clearly played a role. Heavy metals were lowest in the sample taken on school grounds (SG).     

金鸡关隧道渗水变形特征研究及其治理

川藏公路雅安金鸡关隧道于1995年元月开始双洞全线通车运行,但是从2001年左右开始左、右隧道均出现了不同程度的渗水变形,并有裂缝以及局部隆起鼓出现象。通过实地勘查和采样分析,结合前人的研究,认为金鸡关隧道的病害主要是地质原因,即灌口组地层中的膨胀性粘土遇水膨胀造成顶拱和路面鼓出隆起变形;溶解了地层中石膏的地下水沿施工造成的环向裂缝渗水重结晶,其诱发因素为地下水。在研究了金鸡关遂道渗水变形特征的基础上,围绕治理表部和隧道周边的地下水提出了相关的治理方案。     

Selenium fractions in organic matter from Se-rich soils and weathered stone coal in selenosis areas of China

A high degree of association between Selenium (Se) and organic matter has been demonstrated in natural environments, but Se fractions and speciation in organic matter is unclear. In this study, a method for quantifying organic matter associated with Se (OM-Se) was developed to investigate Se fractions in organic matter in Se-rich soils and weathered stone coal from Enshi, China, where Se poisoning of humans and livestock has been documented. Initially, Se was extracted using water and a phosphate buffer. Subsequently, OM-Se was extracted using NaOH, and then speciated into Se associated with fulvic acids (FA-Se) and humic acids (HA-Se). Both FA-Se and HA-Se were further speciated into the weakly bound and strongly bound fractions using a customized hydride generation reactor. The results show that FA-Se (1.91-479 mg kg⁻¹) is the predominant form of Se in all Se-rich soils and the weathered stone coal samples, accounting for more than 62% of OM-Se (3.07-484 mg kg⁻¹). Weakly bound FA-Se (1.33-450 mg kg⁻¹) was prevalent in the total FA-Se, while weakly bound HA-Se (0.62-26.2 mg kg⁻¹) was variable in the total HA-Se (1.15-32.5 mg kg⁻¹). These data indicate that OM-Se could play a significant source and sink role in the biogeochemical cycling of Se in the supergene environment. Weakly bound FA-Se seems to act as a potential source for bioavailable Se, whereas strongly bound HA-Se is a possible OM-Se sink which is not readily transformed into bioavailable Se.     

天津滨海工业区土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源分析

采集天津滨海工业区38个表层土壤样品,利用GC/MS分析技术,研究了土壤中16种优控多环芳烃的含量和组分特征,运用主成分因子载荷方法分析了其污染来源,并初步评价了其风险水平.结果表明,该区域内94.7%土壤已被污染,其中重污染土壤占39.5%,最高污染样点PAHs含量高达5991.7 ng·g-1,平均含量为1148.1 ng·g-1,且城区土壤残留水平明显高于乡村土壤;PAHs的组分特征为以毒性水平较高的高环化合物为主;其污染来源主要是煤、天然气和汽油燃烧组成的混合源.