珠江三角洲典型区域农业土壤中多环芳烃的含量分布特征及其污染来源

2002-10～2005-11采集珠江三角洲典型区域（东莞市、惠州市、中山市、珠海市和佛山市顺德区）的农业土壤表层样品260个,运用气相色谱-质谱方法对美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）进行分析测定.结果显示,研究区农业土壤中16种PAHs含量范围在3.3～4 079.0 ng·g^-1,平均含量244.2 ng·g^-1,以3环和4环的PAHs为主;中心城区土壤中PAHs含量高于远郊区,菜地>水稻田>香蕉地>旱坡地果园地>甘蔗地.依据荧蒽/芘及2+3环与4环以上PAHs化合物分布特点,表明该区域农业土壤中PAHs主要来源于化石燃料的不完全燃烧.通过与国内外土壤中PAHs含量的对比,研究区的农业土壤受到一定程度的PAHs污染,含量处于中等水平.     

新疆哈密地区有机氯农药大气、土壤残留特征、气-土交换及潜在生态风险

应用大气被动采样技术对新疆哈密地区城市、农村及林场点位大气和土壤中主要有机氯农药:HCHs和DDTs进行了1a的观测分析,对其大气、土壤残留现状和气-土交换进行了分析研究,并对其潜在生态风险进行了初步评估,结果表明,哈密地区大气中HCHs和DDTs在1a观测期的平均浓度分别为107.1 pg·m-3和43.9 pg·m-3;大气中HCHs和DDTs浓度呈现季节性变化:夏、秋两季HCHs和DDTs的浓度普遍高于冬、春两季,推测为夏、秋季较高的温度造成更多的HCHs和DDTs挥发到空气中;大气中两类OCPs污染以HCHs为主,HCHs各类异构体残留以α-HCH为主,DDTs残留以p,p’-DDE为主.研究区大气中α-HCH/γ-HCH的值普遍在3～7之间,推测工业HCHs的使用或HCHs的大气长距离传输对该地区大气中HCHs含量有较为明显的影响;大气中(DDD+DDE)/DDTs的值在0.4～0.9之间,有71.4%的比值大于0.5,表明大气中DDTs主要来自于环境中的残留,近期没有新源输入.土壤中HCHs和DDTs含量范围分别为0.344～6.954 ng·g-1和0.104～26.397ng·g-1,均未超过国家土壤环境质量标准规定的一级自然背景值;土壤中两类OCPs污染以DDTs为主,HCHs各异构体残留以β-HCH为主,DDTs残留以o,p’-DDT为主,根据(DDD+DDE)/DDTs<0.5,近期土壤中有新的HCHs和DDTs输入.土壤和大气中HCHs和DDTs的来源不一致,主要是由土壤和大气本身的不同特性以及哈密地区复杂的地理和气候条件导致的.气-土交换研究表明:哈密地区HCHs各异构体和p,p’-DDE的气-土交换主要以土壤向大气挥发为主;而o,p’-DDE、o,p’-DDD、p,p’-DDD、o,p’-DDT、p,p’-DDT的气-土交换则主要是由大气向土壤沉降.大部分DDTs的汇是土壤,源是大气;而HCHs和p,p’-DDE的汇则是大气,源是土壤.哈密地区土壤中HCHs的生态风险较低,哈密城市和林场土壤中DDTs可能对该地区鸟类和土壤生物具有一定的潜在生态风险.     

淮北平原典型农田土壤N2O产生途径及相关功能基因丰度研究

温室气体氧化亚氮(N₂O)已成为全球关注的焦点,全球约60%的人为N₂O排放来自农业土壤.虽然已知微生物硝化和反硝化是土壤N₂O产生的主要过程,但N₂O产生的关键生物学机制以及其调控环境变量之间的相互作用仍然难以预测.本研究选取安徽省亳州市冬、夏两季农田垂向土壤(0～200 cm)为研究对象,通过乙炔抑制法、¹⁵N-¹⁸O同位素示踪技术分别测定了N₂O产生潜势及产生途径,并利用宏基因组测序技术分析不同N₂O产生途径中功能基因的丰度变化以解析农田土壤N₂O产生的微生物机理.结果显示,在空间尺度上,表层土壤(0～20 cm)是N₂O产生热区,其N₂O产生潜势最高,为(0.364±0.048)ng·g^-1·h^-1.硝化和反硝化潜势均在表层土壤达到最高.在时间尺度上,冬季(15℃)是N₂O产...     

温度变化对水泥土强度特性和破坏性状的影响

为研究温度对水泥土强度和破坏性状的影响,选用粘土和粉土这两种素土制成水泥土试样,分别在25°C±2°C、10°C±2°C和0°C±2°C的温度下进行养护,随后测试各龄期试样的单轴抗压强度,并观测各试样的破坏特征。研究表明:随着龄期的增长,温度变化对峰值应变的影响在减小;龄期较短(1~5天)时,水泥土单轴抗压强度对温度变化不敏感,在龄期7~40天,提高养护温度,水泥土单轴抗压强度显著增大;随着温度的升高,水泥土强度显著提高,但增长的趋势越来越缓慢;低温情况下水泥粘土的强度都比水泥粉土低,而一旦提高温度,水泥粘土的强度便超过水泥粉土;较低温度下养护的水泥土表现出比较明显的脆性破坏,迅速产生裂缝。     

石灰岩和砂岩地区豆科类植物紫花光叶苕(Vicia villosa)中铁和锰的不同分配模式

豆科类植物生物量的减少主要与氮和磷之间的平衡受到影响而有紧密的相关性。然而,其他营养元素之间的不平衡也能响应生物量的减少,比如铁和锰营养元素。选择了贵州茂兰相邻的石灰岩和砂岩地区土壤进行了野外种植实验。实验结果表明:生长着的豆科类植物铁(Fe)和锰(Mn)出现互为相反的分配模式:在砂岩地区生长的豆科类植物根部对铁的吸收相对高于石灰岩地区;而对锰的吸收,石灰岩地区高于砂岩地区。因此,植物根部的Fe∶Mn,砂岩地区高于石灰岩地区。这个结果说明豆科类植物根部对Fe和Mn的吸收存在不同模式。然而,在叶片中的Fe∶Mn砂岩地区和石灰岩地区之间基本没有区别,这说明铁和锰从根部到叶片的迁移具有不同模式。当叶片的Fe∶Mn(质量之比)低于2.9时,有可能响应豆科类植物生物量的减少。我们在研究植物与土壤的营养元素含量之间相关性时,越过环境因素,必须考虑植物内部随生长过程而发生变化的营养元素的化学计量,比如,生长着的植物中Fe∶Mn比值的变化等。     

两性修饰红薯渣对紫色土吸附Cu2+的影响

采用十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱对红薯渣（R）做两性修饰,修饰比例分别为0、100%和200%,将得到的3种两性修饰红薯渣（R、100BS-R和200BS-R）以1%质量分数加入紫色土（PS）中,制成PS（对照）、PSR、PS100BS-R和PS200BS-R 4种混合土样。用批量处理法探究各供试土样对Cu2+的吸附等温特征,并考察温度、pH值和离子浓度对Cu2+吸附的影响。结果表明：各混合土样对Cu2+的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附量为99.46 mmol/kg~136.53 mmol/kg,Cu2+吸附量呈现PS200BS-R>PS100BS-R>PSR>PS的趋势。温度和pH值升高均有利于Cu2+被吸附,当离子浓度为01 mol/L时吸附效果最佳。     

Variation of salts and available nutrients in salt-affected soil during leaching process under the influence of organic ameliorators

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the potential influence of three organic ameliorators (peat, biochar and leonardite) on salts and nutrients in salt-affected soils during intermittent leaching. Results showed that nearly 90% of salt was removed from columns in the leaching process and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of the soil after leaching was reduced by 67.3% (control, CK), 62.9% (peat), 70.1% (biochar) and 55.0% (leonardite). Total N loss declined by 26.2% (peat), 11.7% (biochar) and 55.5% (leonardite) compared with CK in the process of leaching. The maintaining N (NH₄⁺ and NO₃^?) of soil after leaching was 8.25, 7.31, 11.31 and 14.48?mg/kg for CK, peat, biochar and leonardite treatments. Final P loss was 0.47, 0.31, 0.54, 0.27?mg/column in leaching for CK, peat, biochar and leonardite treatments. Soluble P of soil after leaching was measured as 6.95 (CK), 5.62 (peat), 8.52 (biochar) and 3.33 (leonardite) mg/kg. Leaching could remove the salt effectively but with nutrient loss in the process. The findings of this study suggest that organic ameliorators (biochar, peat or leonardite) play an important role in retaining nutrients during leaching as well as supplying nutrients after leaching to offer practical assistance for the amendment of salt-affected soil in the Yellow River Delta.     

Impact of chemical oxidation on soil quality

Oxidation treatment helps to reduce the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) load in contaminated soils but it may also have an effect on the soil quality. The impact of permanganate and Fenton oxidation on soil quality is investigated. Soil quality is restricted here to the potential for plant growth. Soil samples were collected from an agricultural field (S1) and a former coking plant (S4). Agricultural soil was spiked with phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) at two concentrations (S2: 700 mg PHE kg⁻¹, S3: 700 mg PHE kg⁻¹ and 2100 mg PYR kg⁻¹). Soils were treated with both oxidation processes, and analyzed for PAHs and a set of agronomic parameters. A plant germination and growth test was run with rye-grass on treated soils. Results showed that both treatments produced the expected reduction of PAH concentration (from 64% to 97%). Besides, a significant loss of organic C and N, and strong changes in available nutrients were observed. Permanganate treatment increased the specific surface area and the cation exchange capacity in relation to manganese dioxide precipitation, and produced a rise in pH. Fenton oxidation decreased soil pH and increased the water retention capacity. Plant growth was negatively affected by permanganate, related to lower soil permeability and aeration. Both treatments had an effect on soil properties but Fenton oxidation appeared to be more compatible with revegetation.     

Metals in particle-size fractions of the soils of five European cities

Soils from Aveiro, Glasgow, Ljubljana, Sevilla and Torino have been investigated in view of their potential for translocation of potentially toxic elements (PTE) to the atmosphere. Soils were partitioned into five size fractions and Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were measured in the fractions and the whole soil. All PTE concentrated in the <10 microm fraction. Cr and Ni concentrated also in the coarse fraction, indicating a lithogenic contribution. An accumulation factor (AF) was calculated for the <2 and <10 microm fraction. The AF values indicate that the accumulation in the finer fractions is higher where the overall contamination is lower. AF for Cr and Ni are particularly low in Glasgow and Torino. An inverse relationship was found between the AF of some metals and the percentage of <10 microm particles that could be of use in risk assessment or remediation practices.     

Sequential sorption of lead and cadmium in three tropical soils

It is important to examine mechanisms of Pb and Cd sorption in soils to understand their bioavailability. The ability of three tropical soils to retain Pb, Cd, and Ca was evaluated. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the extent to which soil sorption sites are metal specific, (2) investigate the nature of reactions between metals and soil surfaces, and (3) identify how metals compete for sorption sites when they are introduced to soils sequentially or concurrently. Lead was shown to be much less exchangeable than Cd and inhibited Cd sorption. Cadmium had little effect on Pb sorption, though both Ca and Cd inhibited the adsorption of Pb at exchange sites. Lead appears to more readily undergo inner-sphere surface complexation with soil surface functional groups than either Cd or Ca. Thus, regardless of when Pb is introduced to a soil, it should be less labile than Cd.