IMPACTS OF RECREATION ON RIPARIAN SOILS AND VEGETATION1

ABSTRACT: The seemingly magnetic attraction of water resources for recreation has direct implications for proximate land resources which are needed to provide access and support facilities. This paper reviews and synthesizes the literature dealing with the impacts of recreation use on riparian soils and vegetation. Part one of the paper sets forth the major negative impacts of recreation use on soils and vegetation. A seven-step soil impact cycle is identified, beginning with the scuffing away of leaf litter and other organic material and working through the soil erosion and sedimentation process. Four major kinds of impacts of recreation use on vegetation are then outlined, and the‘Vicious circle” relationship between impacts on soil and vegetation is demonstrated through a Soil/Vegetation Impact Diagram. Part two identifies several spatial and temporal patterns of environmental impact caused by recreation use. The node and linkage pattern of recreation use, campground and trail expansion, ground cover response and succession, rates of soil compaction, and resource response to various intensities of recreation use are important aspects. The final part of the paper deals with measuring environmental impacts caused by recreation use. Management implications of the research findings are considered throughout the paper.     

Adsorption behavior of RH‐5992 insecticide onto sandy and clay loam forest soils

Abstract

Adsorption‐desorption behavior of RH‐5992 [Mimic®, N'‐t‐butyl‐N'‐(3,5‐dimethylbenzoyl)‐N‐(4‐ethylbenzoyl) hydrazine] in sandy and clay loam forest soils was studied using the batch equilibrium method. Adsorption was higher in the clay loam soil than in the sandy loam, and increased linearly with RH‐5992 concentration, but decreased with increasing pH and temperature. The adsorption data fit better to the Freundlich, than to the Langmuir equation. The K_D (linear adsorption constant) and K_F (Freundlich constant) were similar for each soil at 5, 15 and 25°C and decreased with increase of temperature, indicating that the enthalpy of adsorption was negative. The exponent of the Freundlich equation was close to unity for both soils at all three temperatures. The low E_a (energy of activation) indicated a diffusion‐controlled process during the initial stages of adsorption. The desorption isotherm differed from that of adsorption, and the linear desorption constant, K_D(d), was ca 25 times higher than the K_D, indicating that adsorption of RH‐5992 was not readily reversible. Evaluation of thermo‐dynamic parameters confirmed the presence of strong bonds between the solute and soil. These findings suggest that RH‐5992 has a limited potential for downward mobility leading to groundwater contamination.     

Eradication of the non-native Poa pratensis colony at Cierva Point,Antarctica: A case study of international cooperation and practical management in an area under multi-party governance

The on-going introduction of non-native species to Antarctica due to expanding human activity presents an increasing threat to biodiversity. Under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, all introduced non-native species should be removed from the Antarctic Treaty area. The non-native grass Poa pratensis was first introduced to Cierva Point (Danco Coast, Antarctic Peninsula), along with substantial quantities of non-Antarctic soil, in the mid-1950s. Consistent with the Protocol, in January 2015 an internationally coordinated team undertook the eradication of the grass. Immediately prior to removal of P. pratensis, factors affecting its establishment, persistence and impacts upon local indigenous species was examined within the international management framework of the Antarctic Treaty System. The underlying soil had a high organic content of 15.5%, which may have contributed to the successful establishment of P. pratensis and restricted, at least initially, its vegetative growth to the enriched area. Examination of P. pratensis expansion from the original introduction sites showed that the plant colony intricate root system facilitated little or no coexistence of other native plants within its extent. The non-native plant colony also constituted a novel habitat for soil fauna within Antarctic terrestrial environments. The P. pratensis plant colony provided an unfavorable habitat for two of the locally endemic soil invertebrates, Cryptopygus antarcticus and Belgica antarctica. These observations led to the selection of an appropriate eradication approach, where the plants were targeted for physical extraction along with all underlying soil. During the eradication, c. 500 kg of soil and plant material from the P. pratensis colony was removed from the site. Monitoring one year later showed no evidence of re-establishment. Consistent with the Committee for Environmental Protection ‘Non-native Species Manual’, we recommend development and implementation of rapid response protocols following the discovery of a non-native plant colony to limit future impacts on indigenous species and local habitats.     

土壤微生物处理石油污染的研究

本文概述了石油污染土壤微生物处理的几种方法、生物降解机制以及这一领域的研究成果、研究现状，讨论了这一技术在我国的应用前景     

澎溪河消落带典型植物群落根际土壤无机氮形态及氮转化酶活性

三峡库区消落带是典型的生态脆弱带,其土壤N循环因受到植物根际效应和季节性淹水的影响而具有特殊性.本研究以三峡库区一级支流澎溪河消落带为例,选择4种植被(狗牙根、香附子、苍耳以及玉米)覆盖区,采集植物根际、非根际土壤,分析根际土壤与非根际土壤理化性质、无机氮形态以及7种N素转化相关酶,并比较了4种植物根际效应强度,以反映不同植物覆盖对消落带土壤N循环过程的影响.研究表明:供试植物根际土壤pH值均低于非根际,有机质、全氮、全磷含量均高于非根际,表明植物根际对消落带土壤养分有富集作用;4种植物根际土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、亚硝态氮及14d可矿化氮含量均高于非根际,且土壤硝态氮、亚硝态氮以及14d可矿化氮含量呈现香附子＞狗牙根＞苍耳/玉米;总体上根际土壤N转化酶活性高于非根际,且狗牙根和香附子覆盖区脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺酶、脱氢酶显著高于玉米和苍耳覆盖区;蛋白酶、脲酶、谷氨酰胺酶活性与4种N形态均呈显著相关性,是消落带土壤N转化的主要参与酶类;根际效应分析结果香附子和狗牙根对消落带土壤N转化的根际效应强度大于苍耳和玉米,有利于土壤N素的固定和保持.植物根际效应对消落带土壤N素循环的影响可为消落带植被恢复工程中植被选择提供参考,也为改善消落带土壤退化相关研究提供科学支撑.     

基于正定矩阵因子分析模型的城郊农田土壤重金属源解析

选取南京城郊农田为研究对象,通过正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)探究表层土壤重金属主要来源,将预测值和实测值进行线性拟合,讨论该方法的准确性,并利用Pb稳定同位素比值结果进行对比分析,进一步验证该方法的可行性.结果表明,农田表层土壤Cd、As、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn和Cr的平均含量远远超过背景值,部分土壤样点Cd和Cu超过国家土壤环境质量标准的二级标准.常年大量施用肥料等农业投入品进行高强度农业活动、周边工业生产、交通污染和自然母质均对研究区土壤重金属的累积产生一定的贡献.PMF模型模拟的Cd、Hg和Cr预测值与实测值线性拟合r2均大于90%,其余元素r2均大于70%,呈现很好的相关性,满足研究需要.PMF模型和Pb稳定同位素比值法计算大气降尘对土壤Pb累积的贡献率分别为32.1%和36.8%,结果比较接近,表明PMF模型可以很好地应用于土壤重金属源解析研究.     

氯盐对汞化合物污染土壤热脱附过程的影响

对HgCl₂、HgS、Hg(NO₃)₂·H₂O、HgO、HgSO₄ 5种试剂分别添加MgCl₂、CaCl₂和NaCl 3种氯盐,采用热重分析法进行热挥发性对比研究,以期选择对汞化合物热脱附有促进作用的氯盐,并将其添加到内蒙古2块不同污染场地的汞污染土壤样品(A、B)中,进行低温热脱附修复研究. 结果表明:5种汞化合物试剂热脱附温度由低到高依次为HgCl₂＜HgS＜Hg(NO₃)₂·H₂O＜HgO＜HgSO₄. 在汞化合物中加入MgCl₂、CaCl₂和NaCl后的热重分析发现,MgCl₂对HgS、Hg(NO₃)₂·H₂O、HgO、HgSO₄热脱附过程影响最大,降低了汞化合物热脱附的初始温度. A、B 2个污染土壤样品加入MgCl₂热脱附后,汞的去除率分别从无药剂处理的65.67%、70.74%升至81.35%、84.91%. 表明MgCl₂可以促进汞污染土壤中汞化合物的转化,有利于土壤汞污染的热脱附修复,应用前景较好.      

东江流域农村土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及其健康风险评估

为了解东江流域农村土壤多环芳烃的分布特征与人类健康风险,采集了30个不同土地利用类型农村表层土壤样品,进行采用索氏抽提法,硅胶/氧化铝（2：1）层析柱分离纯化,最后加内标经气相色谱-质谱仪定量解析的方法测定16种多环芳烃的含量。同时,测定了土壤中不同形态有机质包括总有机碳（TOC）、非水解性有机碳（NHC）、黑碳（BC）以及无定形有机碳（AOC）的含量。结果表明,土壤多环芳烃质量分数在24-238μg·kg-1之间,平均质量分数为107±60μg·kg-1。在16种多环芳烃中,萘、菲、荧蒽和苯并（b）荧蒽的含量最高,占总多环芳烃含量的比重依次为16%、20%、10%和10%。土壤中多环芳烃含量与TOC、NHC以及BC均具有极显著的线性关系（p〈0.01）,三者斜率的大小顺序为BC〉NHC〉TOC（p〈0.01）,表明土壤有机碳中的非水解性有机碳和黑碳在控制土壤中多环芳烃的分布、积累中发挥着重要的作用。土壤中多环芳烃含量与AOC的相关性不显著（p=0.29）。另外,健康风险评价表明儿童暴露的增量终身致癌风险（ILCRs）在可接受的安全范围内（ILCRs 〈10-6）,而成人暴露的增量终身致癌风险则相对较高（10-6皮肤接触〉呼吸;而成人则为：皮肤接触〉误食土壤〉呼吸。     

不同土壤类型中外源汞对白符跳(Folsomia candida)的毒性

参考国际标准化组织(ISO)颁布的跳虫毒性测试方法 ISO11267,分析了汞(Hg)在我国9种典型土壤中对白符跳(Folsomia candida)的急性毒性及繁殖毒性。发现Hg在不同类型土壤中对白符跳的半数致死浓度(LC50)变化为(0.92~1.94)mg·kg-1,而对白符跳繁殖产生影响的半数效应浓度(EC50)变化范围为(0.98~2.43)mg·kg-1,产生10%影响的浓度(EC10)变化范围为(0.29~1.40)mg·kg-1。将土壤的主要理化性质(p H、OM、CEC)与Hg对白符跳的EC50进行相关性回归分析,发现土壤CEC与EC50呈显著正相关关系(r=0.8624,p0.01),随着土壤CEC的增大,Hg的EC50值也趋于升高。因此,土壤CEC可能是导致不同类型土壤中汞对白符跳毒性差异的主要因素。本研究结果可为制定基于我国土壤类型的生态筛选值提供基础参考数据。