SOIL-MOISTURE EFFECTS OF CONVERSION OF SAGEBRUSH COVER TO BUNCHGRASS COVER1

Precipitation, soil moisture, runoff, and vegetation were measured on two, 5- to 10-acre, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) watersheds and two, equally small, beardless bluebunch wheatgrass (Agrophron inerme) watersheds that were converted from big sagebrush in 1967. The watersheds are located near Wolcott, Colorado, at an elevation of 7,200 feet, and are mantled with 2 to 3 feet of silty clay soils. Annual precipitation was about 13.5 inches; about 9 inches occurred as rain or snow from April through October and about 4.5 inches accumulated as a snowpack from November through March. Evapotranspiration was about 2 inches greater in 1968 and 1 inch greater in 1969 from the sagebrush watersheds than from the grass watersheds. With a mature stand of grass in 1970 and 1971 the differences in evapotranspiration were within the range of differences measured during the 3-year calibration period when all four watersheds were sagebrush. Water use was similar in the top 1 foot of soil but slightly more water was used by the grass in the 1- to 2-foot zone and more water being used by the sagebrush below 2 feet. Soil-water potential data indicated that only the big sagebrush used a small amount of water from the fractured shale at depths below 40 inches. Sagebrush used more water in August and September than the grass.     

畜禽粪便有机肥中Cu、Zn在不同农田土壤中的形态归趋和有效性动态变化

通过土壤培养试验,研究了不同畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属Cu、Zn在不同农田土壤中的形态归趋和有效性动态变化过程,为合理确定由畜禽粪便有机肥带入农田土壤的重金属负荷,科学评价畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属进入土壤后的生态风险提供理论依据.结果表明,土壤中施用畜禽粪便有机肥后,酸性土壤p H值升高,而石灰性土壤p H值降低.施用鸡粪后6个月内,有效态Cu含量在2种土壤中显著低于等量Cu无机盐处理,而有效态Zn含量则与等量Zn无机盐处理无显著差异;施用猪粪后6个月内,有效态Cu和Zn含量在2种土壤中均与等量Cu和Zn无机盐处理无显著差异.形态归趋研究表明,通过畜禽粪便有机肥进入土壤中的Cu和Zn在土壤中主要以交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态以及有机结合态的形式存在,且畜禽粪便有机肥的来源不同,各形态Cu和Zn在不同土壤中所占比例不同.土壤中施用畜禽粪便有机肥6个月时,Cu和Zn交换态以及铁锰氧化物结合态所占比例低于等量Cu和Zn无机盐处理,而有机结合态所占比例高于等量Cu和Zn无机盐处理,其它形态与无机盐处理无显著差异.     

Adsorption–desorption behavior of atrazine on agricultural soils in China

Adsorptionanddesorptionareimportantprocessesthataffectatrazinetransport,transformation,andbioavailabilityinsoils.Inthisstudy,theadsorption–desorptioncharacteristicsofatrazinein three soils (laterite, paddy soil and alluvial soil) were evaluated using the batch equilibrium method. The results showed that the kinetics of atrazine in soils was completed in two steps: a “fast” adsorption and a “slow” adsorption and could be well described by pseudo-second-order model.In addition,the adsorption equilibrium isotherms were nonlinear and were well fitted by Freundlich and Langmuir models. It was found that the adsorption data on laterite, and paddy soil were better fitted by the Freundlich model;as for alluvial soil,the Langmuir model described it better. The maximum atrazine sorption capacities ranked as follows: paddy soil > alluvial soil > laterite. Results of thermodynamic calculations indicated that atrazine adsorption on three tested soils was spontaneous and endothermic. The desorption data showed that negative hysteresis occurred. Furthermore, lower solution pH value was conducive to the adsorptionofatrazineinsoils.Theatrazineadsorptioninthesethreetestedsoilswascontrolled by physical adsorption, including partition and surface adsorption. At lower equilibrium concentration, the atrazine adsorption process in soils was dominated by surface adsorption;while with the increase of equilibrium concentration, partition was predominant.     

三峡澎溪河流域消落区与岸边土壤磷形态特征

选取了落干期澎溪河流域6个消落区点位,分析了消落区土壤磷形态分布特征,并探讨了各形态磷之间的相关性.结果表明,(1)采用SMT法测定了消落区土壤总磷、无机磷和有机磷含量,其总磷TP含量均值为575.29 mg·kg~(-1),有机磷OP含量均值为91.23 mg·kg~(-1).(2)采用Hedley法分析了消落区土壤磷的5种赋存形态,其中WA-Pi、PA-Pi、Fe/Al-Pi等3种易迁移的无机磷形态之和占可提取Pi的11.61%,且低于岸边土壤;WA-Po、PA-Po两种生物可利用性较高的有机磷形态含量之和占可提取Po的22.28%,而中活性有机磷Fe/Al-Po占可提取Po的66.30%,且消落区土壤各形态Po含量均低于岸边土壤,又以Fe/Al-Po含量差异最大.(3)消落区土壤TP与活性较强的WA-Pt、PA-Pt呈显著相关,表明消落区土壤活性磷含量主要受TP影响;各形态磷之间不具有显著相关性,表明不同形态磷的来源可能不同;消落区土壤Fe/Al-Pt与土壤有机质OM呈显著相关,表明土壤有机质的含量可能影响铁铝结合态磷含量.在淹水条件下,消落区土壤磷组分的释放对上覆水体的潜在影响不容忽视.     

Effects of free iron oxyhydrates and soil organic matter on copper sorption-desorption behavior by size fractions of aggregates from two paddy soils

Effects of free iron oxyhydrates (Fed) and soil organic matter (SOM) on copper (Cu2+) sorption-desorption behavior by size fractions of aggregates from two typical paddy soils (Ferric-Accumulic Stagnic Anthrosol (Soil H) and Gleyic Stagnic Anthrosol (Soil W)) were investigated with and without treatment of dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate and of H2O2. The size fractions of aggregates were obtained from the undisturbed bulk topsoil using a low energy ultrasonic dispersion procedure. Experiments of equilibrium sorption and subsequent desorption were conducted at soil water ratio of 1:20, 25℃. For Soil H, Cu2+ sorption capacity of the DCB-treated size fractions was decreased by 5.9% for fine sand fraction, by 40.4% for coarse sand fraction, in comparison to 2.9% for the bulk sample. However, Cu2+ sorption capacities of the H2O2-treated fractions were decreased by over 80% for the coarse sand fraction and by 15% for the clay-sized fraction in comparison to 88% for bulk soil. For Soil W, Cu2+ sorption capacity of the DCB-treated size fraction was decreased by 30% for the coarse sand fraction and by over 75% for silt sand fraction in comparison to 44.5% for the bulk sample. Cu2+ sorption capacities of the H2O2-treated fractions were decreased by only 2.0% for the coarse sand fraction and by 15% for the fine sand fraction in comparison to by 3.4% for bulk soil. However, Cu2+ desorption rates were increased much in H2O2-treated samples by over 80% except the clay-sized fraction (only 9.5%) for Soil H. While removal of SOM with H2O2 tendend to increase desorption rate, DCB- and H2O2-treatments caused decrease in Cu2+ retention capacity of size fractions. Particularly, there hardly remained Cu2+ retention capacity by size fractions from Soil H after H2O2 treatment except for clay-sized fraction. These findings supported again the dominance of the coarse sand fraction in sorption of metals and the preference of absorbed metals bound to SOM in differently stabilized status among the size fractions. Thus, enrichment and turnover of SOM in paddy soils may have great effects on metal retention and chemical mobility in paddy soils.     

Stability of soil organic carbon changes in successive rotations of Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook） plantations

The importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) under forests in the global carbon cycle depends on the stability of the soil carbon and its availability to soil microbial biomass. We investigated the e ects of successive rotations of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) plantations on the stability of SOC and its availability to microbes by adopting the two-step hydrolysis with H2SO4 and density fractionation. The results showed that successive rotations of Chinese fir decreased the quantity of total SOC, recalcitrant fraction, and carbohydrates in Labile Pool I (LP I), and microbial properties evidently, especially at 0–10 cm horizon. However, cellulose included in Labile Pool II (LP II) and the cellulose/total carbohydrates ratio increased in successive rotations of Chinese fir. The noncellulose of carbohydrates included in LP I maybe highly available to soil microbial biomass. Hence the availability of SOC to microbial biomass declined over the successive rotations. Although there was no significant change in recalcitrance of SOC over the successive rotations of Chinese fir, the percentage of heavy fraction to total SOC increased, suggesting that the degree of physical protection for SOC increased and SOC became more stable over the successive rotations. The degradation of SOC quality in successive rotation soils may be attributed to worse environmental conditions resulted from disturbance that related to “slash and burn” site preparation. Being highly correlated with soil microbial properties, the cellulose/total carbohydrates ratio as an e ective indicator of changes in availability of SOC to microbial biomass brought by management practices in forest soils.     

菜地土壤中磺胺类和四环素类抗生素污染特征研究

利用超声波提取固相萃取高效液相色谱紫外检测器,分析了广州、深圳等地菜地土壤中3种四环素类(TCs)和6种磺胺类(SAs)抗生素的污染特征.结果表明,四环素类单个化合物检出率为19.35%～96.77%,平均含量为9.6～44.1 μg/kg,总含量(∑TCs)在ND～242.6 μg/kg之间,平均为84.8 μg/kg,以四环素为主;磺胺类单个化合物检出率为25.81%～93.50%,平均含量为4.9～51.4 μg/kg,总含量(∑SAs)在33.3～321.4 μg/kg之间,平均为121 μg/kg,以磺胺甲唑、磺胺5甲氧嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶为主.菜地土壤中抗生素的含量与国外的相当,但检出率较高.不同蔬菜基地土壤中∑TCs和∑SAs的高低次序均为养殖场菜地>无公害蔬菜基地>普通蔬菜基地>绿色蔬菜基地.同一蔬菜基地种植不同蔬菜的土壤中抗生素的种类与含量有较大差异.菜地土壤的抗生素污染问题应引起关注.     

三峡入库河流大宁河回水区浸没土壤及消落带土壤氮形态及分布特征

利用分级浸取分离法首次对三峡入库河流大宁河回水区表层浸没土壤、消落带土壤不同形态氮含量进行了测定,分析了各形态氮之间以及各形态氮与环境参数之间的相关性.结果表明,①浸没土壤总氮含量在436.0~921.6 mg/kg,消落带土壤总氮含量在1 253.5~2 439.8 mg/kg,与长江中下游浅水湖泊表层浸没土壤总氮含量相比,大宁河回水区表层浸没土壤总氮含量处于偏低水平.②浸没土壤可转化态氮含量在289.7~511.3 mg/kg,消落带土壤可转化态氮含量在271.6~595.1 mg/kg,有机态和硫化物结合态氮是可转化态氮的优势组分,离子交换态氮是可转化态无机氮的优势组分.③浸没土壤与消落带土壤中总氮、可转化态氮含量与有机态和硫化物结合态氮显著相关,表明样品中的可转化态氮含量的增加主要来源于有机态和硫化物结合态氮.     

北京通州灌区土壤和河流底泥中有机氯农药残留的研究

2007年6月在北京通州污水灌区、清污混合灌区和清水灌区采集土壤和河流底泥样品共28个,参考EPA标准对样品进行处理和分析,研究了26种有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留及分布情况,探讨了有机氯农药含量与总有机碳(TOC)以及有机氯农药组分之间的相关性.结果表明:从污水灌区到清水灌区有机氯农药的总量上并未出现明显递减的趋势,土壤和河流底泥中残留的有机氯农药主要是滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)和六氯苯(HCB)类,三者占有机氯农药残留总量的97.89%.OCPs质量分数平均值为36.18 ng·g-1,其中DDTs占OCPs的72.85%,大部分样品中DDT与DDE+DDD的质量分数之比都小于1,说明这些土壤和河流底泥中DDTs主要来自历史残留物.同时,除了两个样品外,其它样品的α-HCH/γ-HCH比值均小于1,平均值为0.63,表明林丹是这些采样点中HCH的主要新的污染源.沉积物中TOC、DDTs、HCHs和HCB类农药含量与有机氯农药总含量之间显著相关,在决定有机氯农药含量和分布上起着重要的作用.     

典型污染区农业土壤中PAHs的分布、来源及生态风险

采用同位素稀释气相色谱-质谱（GC/MS）分析了路桥农业表层土壤中16种优控PAHs的含量,并对其分布、来源及生态风险进行了分析.结果表明,土壤中16种PAHs的检出率达到100%,其总含量范围为52.3~991 μg·kg-1,与土壤有机碳显著相关（p < 0.01）.PAHs组成特征表明,路桥土壤中以高环PAHs为主.PAHs（除Nap、Acy和Fl）间呈显著相关（r > 0.7,p < 0.01）,表明采样区PAHs污染来源具有一定的相似性.同分异构体比值和因子分析表明,路桥农业土壤中PAHs主要来源于煤和生物质的燃烧.土样中16 PAHs的毒性当量浓度（TEQBaP）介于4.61~164 μg·kg-1之间,7种致癌性PAHs对总TEQBaP的贡献达99%.在35%的土样中,10种PAHs的总TEQBaP超过荷兰土壤目标参考值,表明路桥部分农业土壤存在潜在的生态风险.