The behaviors and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a coking wastewater treatment plant

The occurrence, behaviors and fate of 18 PAHs were investigated in a coking wastewater treatment plant in Songshan coking plant, located in Shaoguan, Guangdong Province of China. It was found that the target compounds occurred widely in raw coking wastewater, treated effluent, sludge and gas samples. In raw coking wastewater, high molecular weight (MW) PAHs were the dominant compounds, while 3-6 ring PAHs predominated in the final effluent. The dominant compounds in gas samples were phenathrene, fluoranthene and pyrene, while they were fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene and benzo[k]fluoranthene for sludge. The process achieved over 97% removal for all the PAHs, 47-92% of eliminations of these target compounds in liquid phase were achieved in biological stage. Different behaviors of PAHs were observed in the primary tank, anaerobic tank, aerobic tank, hydrolytic tank and coagulation tank units, while heavier and lower ones were mainly removed in anaerobic tank and aerobic tanks, respectively. Regarding the fate of PAHs, calculated fractions of mass losses for low MW PAHs due to transformation and adsorption to sludge accounted for 15-50% and 24-49%, respectively, while the rest was less than 1%. For high MW PAHs, the mass losses were mainly due to adsorption to sludge and separation with tar (contributing 56-76% and 22-39%, respectively), and the removal through transformation was less.     

Seasonal air-water exchange fluxes of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Hudson River Estuary

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in the air and water over the Hudson River Estuary during six intensive field campaigns from December 1999 to April 2001. Over-water gas-phase SigmaPCB concentrations averaged 1100 pg/m3 and varied with temperature. Dissolved-phase SigmaPCB concentrations averaged 1100 pg/L and displayed no seasonal trend. Uncertainty analysis of the results suggests that PCBs with 5 or fewer chlorines exhibited net volatilization. The direction of net air/water exchange could not be determined for PCBs with 6 or more chlorines. Instantaneous net fluxes of SigmaPCBs ranged from +0.2 to +630 ng m(-2) d(-1). Annual fluxes of SigmaPCBs were predicted from modeled gas-phase concentrations, measured dissolved-phase concentrations, daily surface water temperatures and wind speeds. The net volatilization flux was +62 microg m(-2) yr(-1), corresponding to an annual loss of +28 kg/yr of SigmaPCBs from the Hudson River Estuary for the year of 2000.     

Mass balance and long-term fate of PCDD/Fs in a lagoon sediment and paddy soil, Niigata, Japan

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in a sediment core and in samples of surface sediment and paddy soil collected from the Toyano lagoon and Kameda basin in Niigata, Japan, were analyzed to elucidate the temporal trends of their concentrations in the lagoon sediment and the relationship between the sediment and the paddy soil. The mass balance of these pollutants was also estimated to determine their long-term fate in surface waters. An analysis by chemical mass balance identified the agrochemicals pentachlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl 4-nitrophenyl ether as the major sources of PCDD/Fs. On the basis of the findings regarding the mass balance in the Kameda basin over the last 40 years, we estimate that more than half the input of PCDD/Fs to the Kameda basin has disappeared. We suggest that the PCDD/Fs that flowed out from the paddy fields have been transferred to the lower basin.     

利用第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮浓度作为MUCT工艺运行控制参数

以模拟生活污水为对象考察了第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度(SNO-3)作为MUCT工艺运行控制参数的可行性.将进水COD质量浓度恒定为(290±10)mg.L-1,TN质量浓度恒定为(55±0.5)mg.L-1,TP质量浓度恒定为(7.0±0.5)mg.L-1,改变第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度以比较各段出水TN和TP质量浓度.结果表明,SNO-3值显著影响着出水TN和TP质量浓度,控制内循环回流量维持SNO-3为2.5 mg.L-1,可实现MUCT工艺的最优控制.利用各段硝酸盐氮和TP平均质量浓度进行的物料平衡计算结果表明SNO-3是影响厌氧段释磷量、第一缺氧段和第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮反应量、第二缺氧段吸磷量的重要参数.     

基于郑州地铁下穿南水北调干渠的Peck公式反演分析

土压平衡盾构隧道下穿通水运行中的南水北调工程,在国内尚属首例.以郑州地铁城郊线土压平衡盾构隧道下穿南水北调中线干渠区间实测数据为依据,将Peck公式法运用于隧道下穿南水北调工程引起的地表沉降预测研究中,利用反演分析法,通过引入最大沉降量修正系数j和沉降槽宽度修正系数k,结合实测数据对Peck公式进行修正,得出适用于郑州...     

垃圾渗沥液调节池的出水工艺探讨

为了保证调节所需的容积,垃圾渗沥液调节池一般占地面积和池深均较大,如何将调节池内的渗沥液输送至渗沥液处理设施是工程实践中经常面对的问题.本文在对各种垃圾渗沥液调节池出水工艺进行介绍、分析和对比的基础上,对渗沥液调节池的出水工艺的选择提出了建议.     

Mercury removals by existing pollutants control devices of four coal-fired power plants in China

The mercury removals by existing pollution control devices in four coal-fired power plants of China were carried out based on a measurement method with the aluminum matrix sorbent.     

高原山地城市农田氮、磷表观平衡演变特征——以昆明市为例

氮、磷平衡是影响农田污染潜势和农业生产的主要因子.农田化肥过量施用导致的氮、磷大量流失已成为我国非点源污染的重要来源.本研究基于农田氮、磷表观平衡模型,以高原山地城市昆明市为例,评估了1980—2015年农田的氮、磷输入、输出与平衡演变特征.结果表明:①1980—2015年,昆明市农田氮平衡始终处于盈余的状态,盈余量以4070 t·a~(-1)的速度上升,而农田磷从1981年开始转变为盈余状态,盈余量以590 t·a~(-1)的速度上升,农田氮盈余量增长速度高于磷盈余量增长速度,未来农田氮污染潜势可能高于磷;②化肥和有机肥是昆明市农田氮、磷输入的主要来源,自1995年化肥取代有机肥成为氮输入的主要来源,自1983年起化肥成为农田磷的最大输入项;③氮、磷输出量均呈现逐年增长趋势,其中,氮输出量增长速度为3430 t·a~(-1),磷输出量增长速度为100 t·a~(-1),农田氮、磷输出量远低于输入量;④昆明市农田氮、磷平衡特征在不同海拔区域呈现显著异质性,1980—2015年海拔2400 m以下的农田氮、磷表观平衡情况变化最为明显,平均增长了12.48倍,2400 m农田变化次之,2400 m以下农田变化较小.     

甘肃省农田水分平衡及其时空分布规律

采用农田水量平衡模型,以县域为基本单元,对甘肃省1961～2001年10种作物逐月天然状态下农田水分平衡时空分布规律进行了研究。结果表明:天然状态下,甘肃省多年平均农田需水量为121.06×10⁸m3;亏水量为43.28×10⁸m3;盈水量为0.62×10⁸m3,降水不能满足作物生长需求。在25%、50%、75%三种降水保证率下,作物的亏水总量分为35.99×10⁸m3、42.93×10⁸m3、49.85×10⁸m3,盈水量分别为0.61×10⁸m3、0.11×10⁸m3、0.00×10⁸m3。农田水分亏缺是甘肃省农田水分平衡的主要特征。对大多数作物而言,亏水量集中于夏季,10种作物夏季亏水总量占全年亏水总量的60.2%。全生育期棉花水分盈亏的稳定性最强,水量盈亏变异系数为6.9%,麻类最差,变异系数高达43.6%。全省天然状态下,农田亏水量由东南向西北、高山向河谷递增,农田盈水量由东南向西北递减,农田水分满足率与农田水分盈亏波动性具有从东南向西北递减的趋势。