Water saving effect on integrated water resource management

This study proposes an improved integrated water resource management (IWRM), in which water conservation was analyzed for the entire water use process. A multi-objective optimization method was applied to optimize the IWRM, which investigated the reduction of freshwater consumption and the total water supply cost. Customer's preference for saving water and an end use analysis (EUA) was applied in the water conservation analysis. Taking Tianjin as the study area, a reduction in customer's economic pressure (EP) was utilized to evaluate the degree of the customer's preference for saving water. The results revealed that agriculture had a greater preference for saving water than other sectors, where as the public had the weakest motivation for saving water. Improving the transportation method could contribute 62.1% of the total water savings in the agriculture sector. The optimization of the IWRM demonstrated that the local freshwater savings would be 21.5%, and the total cost for water supplies would decrease by 13%. However, a government subsidy of 87.5 million Yuan would be needed. Additionally, by analyzing the change in the amount of water savings affected by water price, the appropriate water price increase range was suggested to be 1.5–1.7 times the original price.     

Fine‐resolution conservation planning with limited climate‐change information

Climate‐change induced uncertainties in future spatial patterns of conservation‐related outcomes make it difficult to implement standard conservation‐planning paradigms. A recent study translates Markowitz's risk‐diversification strategy from finance to conservation settings, enabling conservation agents to use this diversification strategy for allocating conservation and restoration investments across space to minimize the risk associated with such uncertainty. However, this method is information intensive and requires a large number of forecasts of ecological outcomes associated with possible climate‐change scenarios for carrying out fine‐resolution conservation planning. We developed a technique for iterative, spatial portfolio analysis that can be used to allocate scarce conservation resources across a desired level of subregions in a planning landscape in the absence of a sufficient number of ecological forecasts. We applied our technique to the Prairie Pothole Region in central North America. A lack of sufficient future climate information prevented attainment of the most efficient risk‐return conservation outcomes in the Prairie Pothole Region. The difference in expected conservation returns between conservation planning with limited climate‐change information and full climate‐change information was as large as 30% for the Prairie Pothole Region even when the most efficient iterative approach was used. However, our iterative approach allowed finer resolution portfolio allocation with limited climate‐change forecasts such that the best possible risk‐return combinations were obtained. With our most efficient iterative approach, the expected loss in conservation outcomes owing to limited climate‐change information could be reduced by 17% relative to other iterative approaches.     

Can we take the pulse of environmental governance the way we take the pulse of nature? Applying the Freshwater Health Index in Latin America

Quantitative assessments have long been used to evaluate the condition of the natural environment, providing information for standard setting, adaptive management, and monitoring. Similar approaches have been developed to measure environmental governance, however, the end result (e.g., numeric indicators) belies the subjective and normative judgments that are involved in evaluating governance. We demonstrate a framework that makes this information transparent, through an application of the Freshwater Health Index in three different river basins in Latin America. Water Governance is measured on a 0–100 scale, using data derived from perception-based surveys administered to stakeholders. Results suggest that water governance is a primary area of concern in all three places, with low overall scores (Guandu-26, Alto Mayo-38, Bogotá-43). We conclude that this approach to measuring governance at the river basin scale provides valuable information to support monitoring and decision making, and we offer suggestions on how it can be improved.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01407-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Fenton法处理竹制品废水生化出水的研究

采用Fenton法对竹制品废水生化出水的脱色和有机物去除进行了研究.在综合考虑经济性和去除效果的基础上,起始COD质量浓度为430 mg·L-1、色度为1 500倍的废水,在反应条件:t=30℃,pH为3.5,ρ(H2O2)=1 665 mg·L-1,c(Fe2+)/c(H2O2)=0.072,反应时间3 h的情况下,Fenton氧化处理后,COD和色度的去除率分别高达87.5%和94.4%.研究发现,色度的去除率要优于有机物(以COD计)的去除率,且受外界因素影响小.GC-MS分析结果表明:经过Fenton处理后,废水中的发色团和助色团基本上完全被去除.中间产物主要是脂类衍生物,副产品有1-碘十三烷和正辛基醚等.     

煤制烯烃废水处理与回用技术解析

针对煤制烯烃项目废水的来源及水质特点,从生化处理技术与回用处理技术方面阐述了煤制烯烃废水处理现状及存在问题,展望了煤制烯烃废水处理与回用技术未来发展方向,指出了新型脱氮工艺、膜集成工艺及分质结晶技术在煤制烯烃废水处理中的可行性,为煤化工废水处理与资源化利用提供理论参考。     

中国经济发展产生的能源和环境效应研究

为揭示中国经济持续增长对能源依靠程度、能源利用效率提高程度及环境污染改善水平,统计了2006年-2014年GDP、工业增加值、能耗、SO2和NOx排放量数据,计算得到单位能耗GDP和单位能耗污染物排放量,对比分析单位能耗GDP和单位能耗污染物排放量,前者持续增长,后者呈波动时下降,表明能源利用效率逐步提高,污染物排放得到有效控制.主要城市NOx和PM10浓度出现升高趋势,SO2浓度明显下降.NOx和PM10成为中国未来大气主要污染物,应采取措施控制,同时应注重对非工业源的控制.     

Pb(II) removal from water using Fe-coated bamboo charcoal with the assistance of microwaves

Bamboo charcoal(BC) was used as starting material to prepare iron-modified bamboo charcoal(Fe-MBC) by its impregnation in FeCl 3 and HNO 3 solutions simultaneously,followed by microwave heating.The material can be used as an adsorbent for Pb(Ⅱ) contaminants removal in water.The composites were prepared with Fe molar concentration of 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 mol/L and characterized by means of N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms,X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD),scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEM-EDS),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and point of zero charge(pH pzc) measurements.Nitrogen adsorption analyses showed that the BET specific surface area and total pore volume increased with iron impregnation.The adsorbent with Fe molar concentration of 2 mol/L(2Fe-MBC) exhibited the highest surface area and produced the best pore structure.The Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption process of 2Fe-MBC and BC were evaluated in batch experiments and 2Fe-MBC showed an excellent adsorption capability for removal Pb(Ⅱ).The adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) strongly depended on solution pH,with maximum values at pH 5.0.The ionic strength had a significant effect on the adsorption at pH < 6.0.The adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir isotherm model well,and the maximum adsorption capacity for Pb(Ⅱ) was 200.38 mg/g for 2Fe-MBC.The adsorption processes were well fitted by a pseudo second-order kinetic model.Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) onto Fe-MBC was feasible,spontaneous,and exothermic under the studied conditions,and the ion exchange mechanism played an significant role.These results have important implications for the design of low-cost and effective adsorbents in the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) from wastewater.     

盘锦市农村生活垃圾现状与处理对策

分析了盘锦市农村生活垃圾现状和存在问题,结合盘锦市实际情况及农村生活垃圾处理技术,提出了盘锦市农村生活垃圾处理对策.     

乡镇垃圾综合利用途径分析研究

社会主义新农村建设推动了乡镇经济的发展,但乡镇的环境问题并没有随之解决,而固体废弃物的综合利用成为解决当前乡镇环境问题的有效手段之一。乡镇垃圾现状分析表明,其组分以有机易腐成分为主．不适用于城市垃圾的处理方式。乡镇垃圾经合理分类,其综合利用的主要途径有三条,包括可回收垃圾一回收一循环再利用,有机垃圾制肥-肥料-回田,餐厨垃圾、人畜粪便、秸秆等有机垃圾厌氧发酵-沼气-热能或电能。该途径可最终实现乡镇垃圾的资源化和能源化。     

等标污染负荷法评价炼油污水污染源及分质治理

应用等标污染负荷法,以GB8978-1996一级标准作为评价标准,对某炼化企业各生产装置所排污水进行评价,分析主要污染源排污口和主要污染物,并提出分质治理建议。