Methods Currently Used in Testing Microbiological Degradation and Deterioration of a Wide Range of Polymeric Materials with Various Degree of Degradability: A Review

Biodegradation of polymeric materials affect a wide range of industries, information on degradability can provide fundamental information facilitating design and life-time analysis of materials. Among the methods currently used in testing, traditional gravimetric and respirometric techniques are tailored to readily degradable polymeric materials mostly and polymer blends with biodegradable components, but they are not applicable to the new generation of engineering polymers which are relatively resistant to biodegradation. However, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been tested for monitoring biodeterioration of high strength materials and the technique has very high sensitivity. A wide range of materials including electronic insulation polyimides, fiber-reinforced polymeric composites (FRPCs) and corrosion protective polyurethane coatings have been successfully measured under inoculation of degradative microorganisms using EIS. In addition, the mechanism of degradation of high strength polymers is mainly due to the presence of plasticizers in the polymer matrices. The information on various methods discussed in this review is intended to illustrate a suite of methods for those who are interested in testing biodeterioration of polymeric materials under different environmental conditions and in selecting appropriate techniques for specific applications.     

基于HBPs接枝的PVDF膜亲水改性及抗污染性能

在聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）微滤膜表面接枝超支化聚合物聚乙烯亚胺（HPEI）,并通过环氧丙醇与氨基的开环反应在PVDF膜表面形成高密度的多羟基结构,实现PVDF膜的亲水改性.实验对膜的表面亲水性、抗粘附性能和抗污染性能进行表征,并采用原子力显微镜（AFM）测量膜与污染物探针之间的粘附力以进一步探究改性膜的抗污染机理.实验结果显示,改性后,PVDF膜的接触角从85°减小至42°,润湿时间从20s缩短至10s,表面亲水性显著提高;在静态吸附实验中,改性膜表面粘附的蛋白质和多糖数量明显减少;在动态污染实验中,改性膜的水通量恢复率（FRR）较高,不可逆通量下降率（IFR）较低,说明其较强的抗污染性能.AFM界面粘附力的测试结果表明污染物探针与改性膜面的粘附力较弱,进一步证实改性膜表面丰富的亲水基团以及超支化结构的位阻效应可以有效改善PVDF膜的抗污染性能.     

Simulated marine respirometry of biodegradable polymers

Eleven microorganisms were isolated from several temperate marine locations in the northeast Altantic coast of the United States and one tropical location in the Pacific Ocean (Hawaii) for the purpose of developing a rapid and accurate method of screening biodegradable materials for their susceptibility to mineralization. The materials evaluated in this study included chemically modified starch, amylose and pullulan, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate), (PHB/V), cellulose acetate, and a modified lignin/styrene. Some of the soluble, unmodified, biologically produced substrates such as starch, pullulan, and amylose mineralized rapidly. In general, the synthetic, insoluble polymers and the chemically modified polymers, such as acetylated and chlorinated amylose and pullulan, mineralized more slowly, although the ultimate mineralization of some of the substituted polysaccharides equaled or exceeded that of the unmodified substrate. The insoluble bacterial polyester, PHB/V, degraded rapidly after a short induction period. Initial respiration rate data, in general, could not be used as a predictor of ultimate mineralization. It was found that the cumulative level of carbon dioxide evolved signifies the minimum extent of biodegradation of the substrate, and the oxygen consumed is a good indicator of the maximum extent of substrate degradation.Paper presented at the Biodegradable Materials and Packaging Conference, September 22–23, 1993, Natick, Massachusetts.     

利用可生物降解聚合物为碳源和生物膜载体脱氮及其动力学特性研究

以闭合循环养殖系统去除硝酸盐为目的,研究了以一种非水溶性可生物降解多聚物材料(BDPs)PBS颗粒作为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的填料床反应器对于废水中硝酸盐的去除效果及动力学特征.结果表明,在温度为(29±1)℃,进水NO 3--N浓度为25～334 mg/L的条件下,进水NO 3--N负荷0.107～1.098 kg/(m3.d)为最适进水负荷.当进水负荷为1.098 kg/(m3.d)时,可达到最大NO 3--N体积去除负荷0.577 kg/(m3.d).进一步增加进水NO 3--N负荷则NO 3--N体积去除负荷开始下降.动力学研究结果表明,以PBS作为碳源和生物膜载体的反硝化速率遵循一级反应动力学.用Eckenfelder模型拟合,并求出常数n值和K值,建立的动力学模型采用该参数可以预测出水NO 3--N浓度.对模型的预测值与实际值采用统计软件SPSS16.0做方差分析表明,p0.05,分别为p=0.5530.05和p=0.6320.05,模型预测值与实际值无显著性差异.     

Using thermal analysis with kinetic calculation method to assess the thermal stability of azo compound on construction materials

The application of construction polymers in engineering and alternative materials has always occupied a place in the market. In the production process of polymer resins, initiators can be used to lower the polymerization reaction energy threshold, which can improve reaction efficiency and reduce energy loss. However, as a commonly used energetic substance in the polymerization process, azos have caused related process hazards due to their exothermic characteristics. Because of this, it is essential to examine and analyze the thermal hazard characteristics of emerging azo substances, such as 2-cyanopropan-2-imemicarbazide (CABN). Although previous literature performs the calculation on related thermal hazard parameters of CABN, there is still exists a void for discussion in estimating the reaction model to avoid analogous hazards and enhance the existing thermal analysis. Based on the past literature, the reaction model is improved with thermogravimetric analysis as evidence. The revised thermal hazard parameters are calculated as the basis of control and mitigation measures, the kinetic model is used to estimate the modified safety parameters, and in the judgment of the runaway reaction, the critical temperature of the runaway is found by analyzing the influence of slight changes in ambient temperature on the reaction temperature. The results show that the critical temperature that causes CABN to enter the runaway reaction is delayed, and the hazard is lower than in the storage situation. Therefore, the thermal hazard to CABN mainly focuses on the safety environment and measures during storage.     

不同碳源种类对好氧颗粒污泥合成PHA的影响

影响好氧颗粒污泥稳定性的因素众多,其中碳源种类的不同会造成好氧颗粒污泥合成聚羟基烷酸酯(PHA)的不同,进而影响其稳定性能.采用混合碳源驯化培养的好氧颗粒污泥进行试验.考察了厌氧条件下,乙酸钠等八种碳源对好氧颗粒污泥合成PHA的影响.结果表明,颗粒污泥对乙酸钠和蔗糖具有较好的转化能力,合成PHA的量分别为102.19mgCOD/g·VSS和70.58mgCOD/g·VSS,显著高于其他碳源的PHA合成量(5~26mg/g×VSS).故以蔗糖和乙酸钠作碳源均有利于颗粒污泥稳定性能的维持,而当以甲醇作碳源时好氧颗粒污泥的贮存能力最差.     

酸热处理提剩余污泥胞外聚合物的条件优化

以蛋白质浓度、多糖浓度和DNA浓度为表征,对酸热法提取剩余活性污泥中的胞外聚合物进行了条件优化,考察了pH值、温度和提取时间对破解剩余污泥细胞提胞外聚合物(EPS)效率影响的最优条件,并对EPS提取液进行FT-IR分析。结果表明,影响提取效率大小为pH值>温度>提取时间,酸热处理提胞外聚合物的最佳条件为pH=1.25,T=100℃,t=4 h。     

多壁碳纳米管表面共价偶联分子印迹聚合物及其对水中双酚A的吸附性能

通过羧化、酰氯化、酰胺化反应在多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)表面引入不饱和侧链(－CH＝CH2),然后以双酚A(BPA)为模板分子,4-乙烯吡啶(4-VP)为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA)为交联剂,在MWCNTs－CH＝CH2表面制备一种新型的分子印迹聚合物纳米材料.采用扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重分析对制备吸附剂(MWCNTs@BPA-MIPs)的结构与形态进行了表征且证实有一层稳定的分子印迹聚合物(MIPs)接枝在MWCNTs的表面通过平衡结合实验与斯卡查德(Scatchard)分析证实了印迹聚合物的吸附性质.结果证实,BPA的吸附容量高达123.8 mg·g-1,而且与模板分子BPA的类似物双酚C(BPC)和邻硝基酚(o-NP)比较,MWCNTs@BPA-MIPs对BPA具有更好的选择性和更快的吸附动力学特性.     

保水剂性能及其农用安全性评价研究进展

保水剂能够吸收其自身体积和重量数倍的水分从而增加土壤含水率、改善土壤团粒结构、提高肥料利用效率,促进农作物生长,在节水农业生产等方面具有广泛的潜在应用价值.本文介绍了国内外保水剂的种类、性能、在农业中的应用等方面的最新研究进展,评述了保水剂对土壤的物理性质、作物生长的影响,并指出其中存在的问题.鉴于保水剂使用不当对土壤环境曾造成危害,因此本文提出在保水剂的应用环节中,在注重其保水性能的同时,还应借鉴化学品环境安全评价的方法,系统评估保水剂的使用对土壤生态可能造成的影响,特别是对土壤微生物生态的影响,避免盲目投入造成的土壤板结、土壤肥力下降等不利影响,填补保水剂对环境影响研究的空白.     

Influence of different substrates on the formation and characteristics of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactors

The effects of different substrates on the aerobic granulation process were studied using laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors （SBRs）. Four parallel granules sequencing batch reactors （GSBR）： R1, R2, R3, and R4 were fed with acetate, glucose, peptone and fecula, respectively. Stable aerobic granules were successfully cultivated in R1, R2, R4, and smaller granules less than 500 μm were formed in R3. Morphology and the physic-chemical characteristics of aerobic granules fed with different carbon substrates were investigated by the four reactors operated under the same pressure. The aerobic granules in the four reactors were observed and found that peptone was the most stable one due to its good settleability even after a sludge age as short as 10 d. A strong correlation was testified between the characteristics of aerobic granules and the properties of carbon substrates. The stability of aerobic granules was affected by extracellular polymer substances （EPS） derived from microorganism growth during feast time fed with different carbon substrates, and the influence of the property of storage substance was greater than that of its quantity. Optimal carbon substrates, which are helpful in the cultivation and retention of well-settling granules and in the enhancement of the overall ability of the aerobic granules reactors, were found.