间歇梯度曝气的生活污水好氧颗粒污泥脱氮除磷

本研究设置了3个SBR反应器R1、R2和R3,分别采用(A/O)_3-SBR梯度曝气、(A/O)_3-SBR恒定曝气和传统(A/O)-SBR方式运行,以实际城市生活污水为进水基质,探讨了不同曝气方式下的营养物去除性能和好氧颗粒污泥特性,为低强度城市污水的碳源合理利用提供合理的方式.由实验结果可知,R1、R2和R3中颗粒在稳定时期对COD的平均去除率分别为88.68%、 89.05%和88.96%,对TN的平均去除率分别为76.97%、 71.99%和64.92%,对TP的平均去除率分别为96.28%、 85.05%和78.97%,且反硝化聚磷菌占聚磷菌的比例分别为25.52%、 19.60%和12.77%.结果表明,厌氧、好氧和缺氧交替的运行方式更有利于反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)的富集,且梯度曝气较恒定曝气方式富集更多,这对碳源不足的低强度城市生活污水处理有重要意义;同时R1中曝气段溶解氧逐级降低,提高了颗粒同步硝化反硝化率和降低了能耗,有利于总氮(TN)的高效去除. 3组反应器在运行后期颗粒粒径分别为727.368、 815.072和895.041μm,且通过对颗粒进行显微观察可以看出, R2和R3中颗粒不如R1中密实.此外,R1、R2和R3运行后期PN/PS值分别为6.31、 5.63和4.83,颗粒稳定时期EPS含量(以VSS计)分别为103.97、 92.22和76.98 mg·g~(-1),表明间歇梯度曝气的方式有利于刺激EPS的分泌,尤其是PN的分泌,使PN/PS值较高,细胞疏水性增强,颗粒密实稳定.     

Simulated marine respirometry of biodegradable polymers

Eleven microorganisms were isolated from several temperate marine locations in the northeast Altantic coast of the United States and one tropical location in the Pacific Ocean (Hawaii) for the purpose of developing a rapid and accurate method of screening biodegradable materials for their susceptibility to mineralization. The materials evaluated in this study included chemically modified starch, amylose and pullulan, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate), (PHB/V), cellulose acetate, and a modified lignin/styrene. Some of the soluble, unmodified, biologically produced substrates such as starch, pullulan, and amylose mineralized rapidly. In general, the synthetic, insoluble polymers and the chemically modified polymers, such as acetylated and chlorinated amylose and pullulan, mineralized more slowly, although the ultimate mineralization of some of the substituted polysaccharides equaled or exceeded that of the unmodified substrate. The insoluble bacterial polyester, PHB/V, degraded rapidly after a short induction period. Initial respiration rate data, in general, could not be used as a predictor of ultimate mineralization. It was found that the cumulative level of carbon dioxide evolved signifies the minimum extent of biodegradation of the substrate, and the oxygen consumed is a good indicator of the maximum extent of substrate degradation.Paper presented at the Biodegradable Materials and Packaging Conference, September 22–23, 1993, Natick, Massachusetts.     

Sustainable polymer composites: immiscible blends prepared by extrusion of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and polyamide6,10 with high bio-based content

Components for binary polymer blends were sought to produce an immiscible blend of improved renewable character and with good structural properties. The poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and polyamide6,10 system was selected based on the molecular structure of the molecules and the bio-based origin of the feedstocks. A preliminary study of three compositions in this system demonstrated the similar thermal properties of the two polymers as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the ability of these polymers to be processed together in conventional extrusion equipment to produce blends with micrometer-scale domains. Dispersed phases were observed by electron microscopy near the end members. Available viscosity data and the appearance of columnar blends at the 50/50 composition suggest the possibility of co-continuous blends in close proximity to this composition.     

Monofunctionalized cyclodextrin polymers for the removal of organic pollutants from water

Water is an important resource for domestic, industrial, agricultural and recreational purposes. The quality of water is however significantly deteriorating due to the accumulation of organic pollutants in aqueous systems. Conventional water treatment technologies fail to remove these contaminants to desirable levels. Recent studies have revealed that cyclodextrin nanoporous polymers are capable of absorbing pollutants from water to parts per billion levels. We have demonstrated that functionalised cyclodextrin polymers have enhanced absorption capacities for some organic pollutants. Here we report the synthesis of several insoluble monosubstituted cyclodextrin polymers or “nanosponges”. We show that these polymers have improved abilities in the absorption of p-nitrophenol and pentachlorophenol from aqueous solutions.     

In Vitro digestibility of selected polymers

In vitro digestibility of 10 polymers was studied. Only starch, starch blend, gelatin, and silk were more than 10% digested by the enzyme cocktail. Cellophane, polyhydroxy--valerate, pullulan, levan, shellac, ethylene vinyl alcohol, and polyethylene were less than 10% digestible. The implications from these data are that these materials would act physiologically as dietary fiber or residue.Paper presented at the Biodegradable Materials and Packaging Conference, September 22–23, 1993, Natick, Massachusetts.     

Controlling the Behaviors of Biodegradable/Bioabsorbable Polymers with Cyclodextrins

The cyclic six, seven, and eight-membered oligosaccharides -, -, and -cyclodextrins (CDs) can serve as hosts for a variety of polymer guests to form crystalline inclusion compounds (ICs), wherein the guest polymers are included in the continuous narrow channels (0.5–1.0 nm in diameter) formed by the host CD stacks. Polymers included as guests in CD-ICs are highly extended and segregated from neighboring chains by the walls of the host CD bracelets. As a consequence, when polymer-CD-ICs are treated with solvents for CDs that are non-solvents for the included polymers or with amylase enzymes, the CDs are removed and the guest polymers are coalesced into bulk samples whose structures, morphologies, and even chain conformations are different from those achieved by consolidation from their randomly coiling, entangled solutions and melts. Often these CD-IC coalesced and consequently reorganized polymer samples exhibit properties that are distinct from their normally processed bulk samples. Here we describe the CD-IC processing of several biodegradable/bioabsorbable homopolymers, copolymers, and blends made from poly (L-lactic acid), poly (-caprolactone), and poly (-hydroxybutyrate)s, with special emphasis placed on their improved and controllable properties. For example, the phase segregation and consequent crystallinities of their normally incompatible homopolymer blends and their block copolymers may be controlled and thus improved. In addition, co-inclusion of small molecule guests, such as drugs or anti-bacterials, in their common CD-ICs, and subsequent coalescence, yields well-mixed blends of these biodegradable/bioabsorbable polymers and the small molecule co-guests, which may lead, for example, to the improved delivery of drugs.     

接枝羧基淀粉去除水体中有毒重金属离子的研究

以可溶性淀粉为基体，经环氧氯丙烷交联，制备了交联淀粉。以Ｆｅ＾２＋－Ｈ２Ｏ为引发剂将丙烯腈单体接枝到交联淀粉上，再经过皂化制得水不溶性接枝羧基淀粉聚合物（ＩＳＣ）。通过红外光谱表征结构。用静态法和动态法研究ＩＳＣ去除水体中Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋、Ｃｒ２＋等离子的效果及ＰＨ值对去除效果的影响，并对其作用机理进行探讨。     

分子印迹技术在环境监测领域的研究进展

分子印迹技术是近年来集高分子合成、分子设计、分子识别、仿生生物工程等众多学科优势发展起来的一门边缘学科分支。分子印迹聚合物(Molecular Imprinting Polymers,MIPs)是由模板分子、功能单体及交联剂共聚而成。以此为原理的分离和检测方法日益增多。综述了印迹技术的发展，特别介绍了MIPs在痕量有机污染物分析中的应用和发展前景，并对目前存在的问题进行了探讨。     

Removal of phenolic estrogen pollutants from different sources of water using molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres

The efficiency and effects of using Bisphenol A-molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres (MIPMs) to remove phenolic estrogens from different sources of water were evaluated. MIPMs prepared by precipitation polymerization removed a group of phenolic estrogens from different kinds of water selectively and effectively. The highest removal efficiency was observed at pH=5. Fifty millimoles per litre ions or 10mg/L humid acid improved removal efficiency. MIPMs were more suitable to remove trace estrogens in large volume than high concentration of estrogens in small volume. The removal efficiency of spiked tap water, lake water and river water were better than that of distilled water. Hundred milligrams of MIPMs had higher removal selectivity and efficiency than those of 100mg or 300mg activated carbons. Moreover, MIPMs can be re-used for at least 30 times without losing any removal efficiency. MIPMs provided a selective, simple, reliable and practicable solution to remove trace phenolic estrogens from different sources of water.     

2种BDPs固相反硝化的脱氮效果对比

利用批量和连续流填充床试验对比了2种BDPs(可生物降解聚合物)——PBS(聚丁二酸丁二醇酯)和PCL(聚ε-己内酯)的反硝化效果. 批量试验结果表明,在脱氮稳定阶段,B1(PCL)和B2(PBS)对TN的平均去除率和反硝化速率分别为97.4%、67.0%和7.5、1.8 mg/(L·h),B2均明显优于B1. 连续流试验中,在进水ρ(NO₃--N)为16.8～18.8 mg/L、HRT(水力停留时间)为4.0 h的条件下,L1(PCL填充床)的反硝化速率大于L2(PBS填充床). 但是随着HRT的减小,L1呈现出比L2更快的反硝化速率. L2和L1分别在HRT为2.0和1.5 h时获得最大反硝化速率,分别为7.7和9.3 mg/(L·h). ESEM(环境扫描电子显微镜)观察结果表明,生物膜剥离后,PCL和PBS颗粒表面均出现大量的坑洞,并且PCL颗粒表面坑洞的密集程度远大于PBS. 三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)分析结果表明,L2和L1出水中的溶解性有机物主要为类色氨酸这类简单的蛋白质和SMP(溶解性微生物代谢产物),并且L1水中SMP的荧光峰强度明显高于L2.