煤炭资源型城市环境效率及其环境生产率变动分析──基于山西省11个地级市面板数据

绿色环境效率反映经济发展与资源环境之间的平衡关系,合理评价资源型城市的环境效率对于促进经济高质量发展具有重要的现实意义。首先从异质性环境污染排放角度出发,选取了四种环境压力指标,采用非径向的Slacks Based Model（SBM）模型和Sequential Malmquist指数模型,对山西省2003—2016年11个地级市的环境效率和环境生产率的区域差异及其动态演进进行了深入分析,然后采用固定效应模型、差分广义矩估计模型和面板分位数回归模型分析了环境规制对山西环境生产率的影响。研究结果表明：（1）在维持现有技术水平不变的前提下,山西省整体的环境效率仍有25.31%的改进潜力;中部地区的环境效率值高于北部与南部地区,但是三大区域的环境效率值都呈下降趋势。（2）山西省环境生产率平均每年提高14.63%,其中技术效率对环境生产率的增长表现为负效应,而技术进步是环境生产率提高的主要来源。（3）环境规制与环境生产率之间并不存在正向或者负向的线性关系,而是存在显著的“U”型关系;不同分位点上环境规制对环境生产率变动的影响表现出明显的异质性。     

N. europaea/Nc. mobilis谱系在垃圾渗滤液处理中的脱氨贡献

为了解垃圾渗滤液处理系统中菌群结构与脱氨效果的关系,采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析了15个实际垃圾渗滤液处理系统中的自养氨氧化细菌（AOB）的群落结构,监测了其中1个处理系统中的AOB群落结构的周年变化,并采集实际垃圾渗滤液开展了为期45d的模拟试验.结果表明,Nitrosomonas属是垃圾渗滤液处理系统中的优势自养氨氧化细菌,其相对丰度与脱氨活性呈显著正相关（P<0.05）.在此菌属中,N.europaea、N.eutropha和N.halophila的相对丰度与脱氨活性显著正相关（P<0.05）,这3种菌在系统发育上同属于N.europaea/Nitrosococcus mobilis谱系,说明该谱系是实际垃圾渗沥液处理系统中的优势AOB类群,并对垃圾渗滤液脱氨有重要贡献.     

初冬一次冷锋输送过程对中国东部霾天气的影响

利用常规地面气象资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及全国PM_2.5浓度数据,并结合后向轨迹、空气污染输送指数和传输通量分析,针对2019年12月10~11日一次冷锋输送造成我国中东部地区出现的大范围霾天气过程进行了分析.结果表明：（1）霾期间高空500hPa以经向环流为主,伴随着高空低压槽引导地面冷锋向东南方向移动,污染物浓度大值区也依次由华北地区移至黄淮、江淮地区.（2）冷锋过境前,华北至长江三角洲区域PM_2.5浓度均有明显增涨;北京以偏南方向的污染物输入为主,济南以西北和偏东方向输入为主,南京则主要是偏北和偏西方向的输入.（3）冷锋过境时,冷空气迅速将北京站的污染物清除;而济南站则受高压底部偏东风回流的影响,PM_2.5浓度维持在50μg/m³左右;冷锋推进至南京站时西北风已较小,对污染物的清除作用不明显.以江苏省为例,整个过程中,江苏本地污染物贡献占25.8%,江苏以外的污染物贡献占74.2%,以输送为主.（4）冷锋过境后,3站的边界层结构也略有不同,北京站的逆温层迅速被打破;济南站由于受海上暖湿平流影响,近地面由等温层变成逆温层;而南京站的近地面则由逆温层变为等温层.本研究揭示了在冷锋南下过程中,上游污染物对下游地区的影响,以及南北方站点表现出不同的污染物变化和清除特征.     

大尺度生态干扰风险评估技术方法及应用研究

为实现大尺度生态干扰高风险区域的快速、有效识别,从生态易损性、干扰易达性和资源易引性三个方面选取了9个指标,构建了生态干扰风险评估指标体系和评估模型,形成了完整的大尺度生态干扰评估技术与方法.利用该技术方法,本文评估分析了全国国土空间生态干扰风险状况、空间分布格局及其成因,并结合2017~2019年全国自然保护区人类活动监测数据和《全国主体功能区规划》中生态脆弱性评价结果对生态干扰风险评估结果进行了精度分析.结果显示：超过90%的自然保护区人类活动都集中在评估得到的中高风险区域;全国生态干扰风险主要以中风险为主、低风险次之、再次是较低风险、较高和高风险区域面积最少;其中较高和高风险区域主要分布在我国中西部和东北部的秦岭、祁连山、三江源和内蒙古草原等区域,生态干扰风险空间分布格局与生态系统结构与功能状况、地形与交通条件、资源潜力等因素具有较强相关性.     

Influence of urban morphological parameters on the distribution and diffusion of air pollutants: A case study in China

Air pollution has a serious fallout on human health, and the influences of the different urban morphological characteristics on air pollutants cannot be ignored. In this study, the relationship between urban morphology and air quality (wind speed, CO, and PM_2.5) in residential neighborhoods at the meso-microscale was investigated. The changes in the microclimate and pollutant diffusion distribution in the neighborhood under diverse weather conditions were simulated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This study identified five key urban morphological parameters (Building Density, Average Building Height, Standard Deviation of Building Height, Mean Building Volume, and Degree of Enclosure) which significantly impacted the diffusion and distribution of pollutants in the neighborhood. The findings of this study suggested that three specific strategies (e.g. volume of a single building should be reduced, DE should be increased) and one comprehensive strategy (the width and height of the single building should be reduced while the number of single buildings should be increased) could be illustrated as an optimized approach of urban planning to relief the air pollution. The result of the combined effects could provide a reference for mitigating air pollution in sustainable urban environments.     

水面舰船风浪环境适应性内涵及综合评估方法研究

首先对水面舰船风浪环境适应性的内涵进行了分析,重点研究了风浪环境对舰船综合航行性能及作战使用效能的影响.考虑到实际风浪环境中舰船各项总体性能指标是一个复杂的体系,各指标之间既具有矛盾性又具有一致性,是一个多目标、多变量的复杂系统.提取了跟风浪环境相关性较强的船体性能指标,建立了水面舰船风浪环境适应性多级综合评价指标体系.进而应用多级模糊综合评价模型,建立了舰船风浪环境适应性评估方法,对某深V船型和圆舭船型的风浪环境适应性进行评估,深V船型评估结果为66.95,圆舭船型为50.5,验证了评估模型的合理性.采用4种不同评判矩阵对两船风浪环境适应性进行了评估,结果表明,评判矩阵的选取对评估结果有较大影响.     

土地价格评估体系的整合

在介绍宗地价格评估、基准地价评估、地价指数编制和地价动态监测体系建立等我国现行土地价格评估体系的基础上,分析了该评估体系存在的问题,提出了土地价格评估体系整合的概念及实施的建议.     

锦州市机动车尾气对市区大气环境污染影响评价

在对锦州市机动车尾气进行年检、抽检,取得了大量监测数据的基础上,采用等标污染指数法对市区机动车尾气污染进行分析评价。评价结果表明：市区煤烟型大气污染正逐步向机动车尾气混合型污染过渡：根据评价结果,提出了防治对策和建议。     

Improving protected area effectiveness through consideration of different human-pressure baselines

Previous assessments of the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) focused primarily on changes in human pressure over time and did not consider the different human-pressure baselines of PAs, thereby potentially over- or underestimating PA effectiveness. We developed a framework that considers both human-pressure baseline and change in human pressure over time and assessed the effectiveness of 338 PAs in China from 2010 to 2020. The initial state of human pressure on PAs was taken as the baseline, and changes in human pressure index (HPI) were further analyzed under different baselines. We used the random forest models to identify the management measures that most improved effectiveness in resisting human pressure for the PAs with different baselines. Finally, the relationships between the changes in the HPI and the changes in natural ecosystems in PAs were analyzed with different baselines. Of PAs with low HPI baselines, medium HPI baselines, and high HPI baselines, 76.92% (n=150), 11.11% (n=12), and 22.86% (n=8) , respectively, showed positive effects in resisting human pressure. Overall, ignoring human-pressure baselines somewhat underestimated the positive effects of PAs, especially for those with low initial human pressure. For PAs with different initial human pressures, different management measures should be taken to improve effectiveness and reduce threats to natural ecosystems. We believe our framework is useful for assessing the effectiveness of PAs globally, and we recommend it be included in the Convention on Biological Diversity Post-2020 Strategy.     

A landscape-scale framework to identify refugia from multiple stressors

From a conservation perspective, quantifying potential refugial capacity has been predominantly focused on climate refugia, which is critical for maintaining the persistence of species and ecosystems. However, protection from other stressors, such as human-induced changes in fire and hydrology, that cause habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation is also necessary to ensure that conservation efforts focused on climate are not undermined by other threats. Thus, conceptual and methodological advances for quantifying potential refugia from multiple anthropogenic stressors are important to support conservation efforts. We devised a new conceptual approach, the domains of refugia, for assessing refugial capacity that identifies areas where exposure to multiple stressors is low. In our framework, patterns of environmental variability (e.g., increased frequency of warm summers), thresholds of resilience, and extent and intensity of stressors are used to identify areas of potential refugia from a suite of ongoing anthropogenic stressors (e.g., changes in fire regime). To demonstrate its utility, we applied the framework to a Southern California landscape. Sites with high refugial capacity (super-refugia sites) had on average 30% fewer extremely warm summers, 20% fewer fire events, 10% less exposure to altered river channels and riparian areas, and 50% fewer recreational trails than the surrounding landscape. Our results suggest that super-refugia sites (∼8200 km²) for some natural communities are underrepresented in the existing protected area network, a finding that can inform efforts to expand protected areas. Our case study highlights how considering exposure to multiple stressors can inform planning and practice to conserve biodiversity in a changing world.