砷尾矿污染土壤的细菌群落结构多样性及其相关环境影响因子分析

以湖南石门雄黄尾矿污染土壤为对象,研究纵向不同深度、横向不同距离土样中的重金属污染程度以及细菌群落结构变化规律,查明砷污染土壤的核心微生物组成并将其与土壤理化指标进行共存网络图分析.结果表明:该尾矿区的土壤各项重金属指标严重超标,尤以铅(626.54 mg·kg?1,Ei=105.48)、砷(1804.75 mg·kg...     

乌鲁木齐城市地表温度时空变化与贡献度研究

伴随着新疆首府乌鲁木齐市经济快速发展,人口持续增加、城市化进程不断加快,地表温度也发生极其显著的变化.以乌鲁木齐市中心城区为研究对象,利用1990—2018年的4期Landsat卫星影像和中国科学院土地利用/覆被分类数据,采用地表温度反演、重心转移模型、空间聚类分析以及计算贡献度指数等方法,定量研究乌鲁木齐市城市化进程...     

城市道路土壤重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

文章采用了单因子及内梅罗综合污染指数法,对泰安市城市道路两侧土壤重金属污染现状进行了调查评价,并采用Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法对土壤中重金属的潜在生态危害进行了评价。结果表明,城市道路两侧土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、As单项污染指数分别为0.11、6.8、1.15、0.86、0.41、0.29,污染程度依次为Cd>Cu>Zn>Cr>As>Pb;各道路综合污染程度依次为东岳大街>岱宗大街>泰山大街>龙潭路>温泉路。城市道路土壤重金属污染呈现Cd污染严重的明显特征,潜在生态危害单项系数达到204,重度污染程度,其余重金属Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、As轻微污染;潜在生态风险指数214.88,达到中度生态危害程度。     

广东大宝山矿区周围土壤重金属污染状况评价

在大宝山矿区及周边四个区域(Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区)共采集土壤表层样品52件。针对不同采样点和不同区段的整体研究,文章在单因子指数的基础上对研究区重金属复合污染分别采用内梅罗指数和综合污染负荷法综合进行研究。矿区土壤中重金属元素污染程度有差异,其中Cr、Ni、Hg、Sn、Pb、Zn、As等重金属元素无或轻污染,Cu、Cd等则对该区土壤环境有较大影响。研究矿区内4个地段土壤重金属污染的总体状况研究结果显示,Ⅳ区(矿部区)土壤污染最为严重,其次为Ⅲ区(鸡笼铺区)和Ⅰ区(沙溪镇区),Ⅱ区(梅子坑区)相对较轻。     

卧龙降水稳定同位素与季风活动的关系

2003-07～2004-07在四川卧龙自然保护区对逐次降水事件进行采样,分析了降水的稳定同位素特征及其与降水量、气温和风向风速等气象参数的关系.结果表明.4～8月降水的过量氘(d-excess)值为(8.4±7.4)‰,降水由东亚季风带来的大洋水汽主导;9～10月降水的d-excess值为(-7.4±12.5)‰,降水由南亚季风带来的经过强烈分馏作用的大洋水汽主导;11月～次年3月降水的d-excess值为(12.5±12.1)‰,降水由本地蒸发水汽以及西风环流带来的内陆蒸发水汽主导.季风期降水的δD和δ18O具降水量效应(r分别为-0.389、-0.380,P＜0.05),次一级是气温影响(P≤0.10).季风期降水的δD、δ18O与南风指数呈显著负相关(r分别为-0.354、-0.390,P＜0.05),表明降水中的稳定同位素比率对水汽来源与运输过程指示性很强,特别是南亚季风的暴发带来了稳定同位素比率和d-excess值都极低的降水.     

水体的营养水平对苦草(Vallisneria atans)生长的影响

在室外控制条件下,以太湖梅梁湾水体现状营养水平(ρ(TN)为5 mg/L和ρ(TP)为0.2 mg/L)为依据,研究营养盐含量升高对苦草生长的影响.结果表明:①在满足光补偿点及无种间竞争等的条件下,苦草在营养水平为ρ(TN)＞10 mg/L和ρ(TP)＞0.4 mg/L的水中也能成活.②随着营养盐含量的升高,苦草生物量的增长率逐渐降低,当水中ρ(TN)达到10 mg/L和ρ(TP)达到0.4 mg/L时,苦草的生物量开始减少;营养盐含量升高对苦草叶片特征的影响不明显,而苦草根状茎的生物量却随着营养盐含量的升高而逐渐减少,当水体营养水平达到ρ(TN)为10 mg/L和ρ(TP)为0.4 mg/L时,除叶片长度外,苦草的其他形态指标值均显著下降.③在梅梁湾水体现状营养水平的基础上,当水中磷含量增加1倍时对苦草生长造成的抑制作用大于氮含量增加1倍时;当二者均增加时,对植物生长造成的抑制作用显著增加.     

添加不同钝化剂降低污泥堆肥的植物毒性研究

高温堆肥后污泥的土地利用可充分发挥资源化、无害化的优势,污泥土地利用防止重金属污染一直是污泥施用中最重要的问题。通过测验发芽率指数这一代表植物毒性的指标证明,通过在污泥堆肥中加入粉煤灰、磷矿粉和草炭等不同的改性剂或重金属钝化剂可大大降低堆肥的植物毒性,从而降低污泥中重金属的可利用性。     

水环境质量综合评价的新模型

为检验已订的水环境质量评价标准的合理性,解决各单项水质指标的评估结果的不相容性问题,提高水质等级模型的分辨率,提出了一种新的水质评价模型-逻辑斯谛曲线(LOG)模型,它的水质等级是连续的实数值;根据LOG模型的参数值可以分析各水质指标值对水质等级的影响程度,从而检验原订水质等级标准的合理性;并给出了基于实码遗传算法的LOG建模的实施方案.实例研究说明,这套方案是实用的和通用的,在其它环境质量综合评价中也具有广泛的应用价值.     

Heavy metal pollution in intertidal sediments from Quanzhou Bay, China

The concentrations of eight heavy metals （Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, and As） in the intertidal surface sediments from Quanzhou Bay were determined to evaluate their levels and spatial distribution due to urbanization and economic development of Quanzhou region, southeast China. The ranges of the measured concentrations in the sediments are as follows： 24.8-119.7 mg/kg for Cu, 105.5-241.9 mg/kg for Zn, 34.3-100. 9 mg/kg for Pb, 0.28-0. 89 mg/kg for Cd, 51.1-121.7 mg/kg for Cr, 16.1-45.7 mg/kg for Ni, 0.17-0.74 mg/kg for Hg, and 17.7-30.2 mg/kg for As. The overall average concentrations of above metals exceed the primary standard criteria but meet the secondary standard criteria of the Chinese National Standard of Marine Sediment Quality. Several contents of Cu and Hg exceed the secondary standard criteria at some stations. The results of geoaccumulation index （Igeo） show that Cd causes strong pollution in most of the study area. There are no significant correlations among most of these heavy metals, indicating they have different anthropogenic and natural sources. Some locations present severe pollution by heavy metals depending on the sources, of which sewage outlets, aquatic breeding, and commercial ports are the main sources of contaminants to the area.     

Using ecosystem-services assessments to determine trade-offs in ecosystem-based management of marine mammals

The goal of ecosystem-based management (EBM) is to support a sustainable and holistic multisectored management approach, and is recognized in a number of international policy frameworks. However, it remains unknown how these goals should be linked to assessments and management plans for marine fauna, such as mammals and fish stocks. It appears particularly challenging to carry out trade-off analyses of various ocean uses without a framework that integrates knowledge of environmental, social, and economic benefits derived from nonstationary marine fauna. We argue this gap can be filled by applying a version of the ecosystem-service approach at the population level of marine fauna. To advance this idea, we used marine mammals as a case study to demonstrate what indicators could operationalize relevant assessments and deliver an evidence base for the presence of ecosystem services and disservices derived from marine mammals. We found indicators covering common ecosystem service categories feasible to apply; examples of indicator data are already available in the literature for several populations. We encourage further exploration of this approach for application to marina fauna and biodiversity management, with the caveat that conceptual tensions related to the use of the ecosystem service concept itself needs to be addressed to ensure acceptance by relevant stakeholders.