三峡库区小江鱼类群落特征及其历史变化

为了解三峡库区蓄水后小江流域鱼类群落现状及其历史变化,于2016年春季(5月)、秋季(9月)和冬季(12月)开展了小江鱼类调查。共调查到鱼类37种,隶属于6目11科;种类组成以鲤形目为主,占总数的64.86%,其中黑尾■Hemiculer tchangi和岩原鲤Procypris rabaudi为长江上游特有种类;草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus、赤眼鳟Squaliobarbus curriculus、■Elopichthys bambusa、鲫Carassius auratus、鲤Cyprinus carpio、鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix、鳙Aristichthys nobilis和黑尾■构成小江主要经济鱼类。对比历史资料分析显示:两次调查结果相似性指数为0.45(为中等不相似);特有种鱼类退化明显:主要经济鱼类组成发生了改变;土著鱼类物种多样性和资源量均呈明显下降趋势,而适应于静水或缓流水环境的鱼类呈上升趋势。推测水坝建设、过度捕捞及不合理的采砂活动等因素是导致变化的主要原因。结果建议,合理设置水坝(汉丰湖)调水机制,对于保护该水域土著鱼类资源具有重要意义。     

化学沉淀-水解酸化-生物接触氧化-反渗透工艺处理垃圾渗滤液

研究了采用化学沉淀-水解酸化-生物接触氧化-反渗透组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的最佳条件,在pH=9,n(Mg2+)∶n(NH4+)∶n(PO34-)=1.2∶1∶1.05,搅拌速率170r/min,搅拌时间21 min条件下进行化学沉淀法脱氮,水解酸化反应器内废水停留时间10 h,生物接触氧化反应器内废水停留时间12 h,...     

Evidence of lead biomagnification in invertebrate predators from laboratory and field experiments

This report includes atomic absorption data from water column, elutriates and zooplankton that demonstrate that lead biomagnifies at El Niágara reservoir, Mexico. Results include field data (bioaccumulation factors) (BAFs) and laboratory data (bioconcentration factors) (BCFs). Two findings: high BAFs for invertebrate predator like Acanthocyclops robustus, Asplanchna brightwellii, Culex sp. larvae, and Hyalella azteca, compared to grazer species Moina micrura and Simocephalus vetulus; low BCF’s found for some predators, suggested that lead biomagnifications were taking place. The presence of Moina micrura in the gut of Asplanchna allowed us to design experiments where A. brightwellii was fed lead-exposed M. micrura neonates. The BAF of Asplanchna was 123,684, BCF was 490. Asplanchna individuals fed exposed Moina had 13.31 times more lead than Asplanchna individuals just exposed 48-h to lead, confirming that lead biomagnification occurs. Results of two fish species showed no lead biomagnification, suggesting that lead biomagnification might be restricted to invertebrate predators.     

Savviness of prey to introduced predators

The prey naivety hypothesis posits that prey are vulnerable to introduced predators because many generations in slow gradual coevolution are needed for appropriate avoidance responses to develop. It predicts that prey will be more responsive to native than introduced predators and less responsive to introduced predators that differ substantially from native predators and from those newly established. To test these predictions, we conducted a global meta-analysis of studies that measured the wariness responses of small mammals to the scent of sympatric mammalian mesopredators. We identified 26 studies that met our selection criteria. These studies comprised 134 experiments reporting on the responses of 36 small mammal species to the scent of six introduced mesopredators and 12 native mesopredators. For each introduced mesopredator, we measured their phylogenetic and functional distance to local native mesopredators and the number of years sympatric with their prey. We used predator and prey body mass as a measure of predation risk. Globally, small mammals were similarly wary of the scent of native and introduced mesopredators; phylogenetic and functional distance between introduced mesopredators and closest native mesopredators had no effect on wariness; and wariness was unrelated to the number of prey generations, or years, since first contact with introduced mesopredators. Small mammal wariness was associated with predator-prey body mass ratio, regardless of the nativity. The one thing animals do not seem to recognize is whether their predators are native.     

新型生物絮凝剂的研究

本文对近两年来新型生物絮凝剂的研究报道进行了综述。这些新型生物絮凝剂的研究领域包括复合型生物絮凝剂的研制,微生物絮凝剂与其它絮凝剂的复配,微生物絮凝剂的生物学研究,以及微生物絮凝剂培养条件的优化等。并对今后生物絮凝刺的研发方向进行了展望。     

一株对硫磷降解菌的诱变复壮研究

从长期施用对硫磷的土壤中筛选分离出1株能以对硫磷为唯一C源的菌株D10,研究微生物对有机磷农药的降解作用.鉴定表明,D10为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)微生物,该菌株对农药对硫磷的最大耐受质量浓度为1 800 mg/L,但D10对农药对硫磷的降解率仅为25%.本文通过D10诱变复壮试验提高对硫磷降解率,结果表明,经紫外线(18 W)辐照10 s后,D10对农药对硫磷降解率提高至49.1%; 用0.8%盐酸羟胺溶液振荡处理30 min后,降解率为69.6%; 用60%土壤浸出液振荡培养48 h后,降解率为53.9%.对D10进行上述条件下的复合诱变,对硫磷降解率可达到82.8%.高效降解菌的选育为提高微生物对农药的降解奠定了基础.此外,通过改进有机磷农药萃取的前处理方法,使紫外分光光度法检测简便、精确,与气相色谱法检测结果拟合较好,具有一定实用价值.     

长白山区中国林蛙资源及其保护与增殖

中国林蛙主要产于我国的长白山区,具有较高的经济价值。本文根据近年来的生产实践和调查研究资料,着重介绍了吉林省长白山区的中国林蛙养殖生物学特征,提出了在该区的资源保护途径与增殖措施     

论环境生物学

从环境生物学形成和发展的角度,结合国内外研究进展和趋势,对环境生物学研究对象、学科特点及其地位进行分析,探讨了环境生物学与生态学的联系和区别,并提出了环境生物学的研究内容、方向及其分支学科体系。     

微生物技术处理饮食服务业含油污水的实验研究

通过3次采自乌鲁木齐市鸿春园饭店不同时期排放的污水，经培养筛选出的28株具有较强除油能力的菌种回接污水后，其平均除油率达68%，其优选菌种回接污水24h后的除油率达90%，而同批污水自然存放10d后的除油率仅为29%。采用选培优良菌种集中快速处理，可以显著提高此类污水的处理效率。     

消防员防生化服装阻燃面料的研究

本文通过对材料阻燃灰理论的分析和阻燃试验，确定了兼具抗芥子气渗透性能和阻燃性能时，消防员防生化服装面料的组成和结构。