基于环境一号卫星的自然保护区生态系统健康评价

以生态系统健康及压力－状态响应模型作为研究方法,设计了一套基于环境一号卫星CCD数据的自然保护区生态系统健康评价评价方法、指标体系和技术流程.同时选择向海湿地自然保护区为示范区,以环境一号卫星CCD影像为数据源, 对指标, 对其生态系统健康现状进行了评价.结果表明,向海湿地自然保护区生态系统相对不健康、中等健康、较健康和相对健康的区域面积分别占整个自然保护区总面积的46.49%、18.02%、21.18%、14.31%,整个自然保护区生态系统健康水平一般,人类干扰严重,组织结构不太合理.向海湿地自然保护区生态系统健康水平一般的主要原因是人类活动日益增强和年降水量明显减少.     

生活必需品应急储备渠道监测技术研究与应用

为有效监测生活必需品的应急储备情况,改善储备工作中的不足,确保储备质量,提升保障能力。在分析国内外生活必需品应急储备工作的基础上,对监测准备、数据采集加工、监测分析、储备评估等关键环节展开研究。提出了融合多种手段的全方位监测数据采集与集成技术,基于数据挖掘和知识发现的多维分析与预测预警技术,以及结合责任、风险、反馈与保障能力的综合评估技术,形成了全面、动态、智能的生活必需品应急储备渠道监测体系,并运用系统工程的思想和方法,借助物联网和地理信息系统等技术,构建了生活必需品应急储备一体化渠道监测平台。研究成果有利于提前发现问题,减少风险,优化储备计划,节省储备成本,提高储备质量与保障能力,具有非常重要的现实意义。     

Realizing the potential of GIS in community-based management of protected areas

SUMMARY

This paper explores the roles GIS technology can play in support of land management, focusing in particular on its application in protected environments such as Biosphere Reserves. These ecologically significant areas present complex planning situations since, unlike areas set aside solely for conservation, they must continue to support human populations that depend on natural resources for their economic and social well being. In situations such as marginal tropical locations, land managers often face major economic and political disincentives to the conservation of precious natural resources. The necessity for community participation and local expertise in the planning process becomes increasingly critical as GIS evolves from a basic presentation aid for spatial data to a synthesizing problem-solving tool. Coupled with enhanced community participation is the opportunity for greater education of stakeholders; the potential for GIS to serve as a medium for information gathering and dissemination is discussed. A case study in the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve (SMBR), México, is presented.     

甘家湖荒漠梭梭林自然保护区管理问题的初探

结合西北实际对甘家湖梭梭林自然保护区的现状及管理进行了初步分析,并提出应如何加强管理的对策和建议。     

煤炭应急供应的储备机制研究

借鉴关于石油储备的研究,界定煤炭应急储备的含义,分析煤炭储备的功能。根据我国煤炭供应的特点,探讨煤炭应急储备模式,提出我国煤炭应急储备的基本构想,指出我国煤炭应急储备应以地方储备、企业储备、现货储备为主,应急储备和日常储备相结合。从煤炭消费量、自给率、运输条件、经济实力4个方面分析影响储备规模的因素,测算各省区的储备规模。结合煤炭应急储备的基本构想和煤炭应急储备计划、轮换、动用的要求,提出煤炭储备管理的二级储备体系和三级管理体系,以及政府监督、市场运作、企业主导的储备运行模式。该研究成果对我国煤炭应急储备体系的建设具有很好的借鉴和参考意义。     

Place-based local governance and sustainable communities: lessons from Canadian biosphere reserves

The quest for sustainable communities might be fostered by a new ‘place-based’ governing approach that engages civil society and other actors in local decision-making processes. In Canada, lessons can be learned from the establishment and maintenance of biosphere reserves by networks of local communities of interests and other organisations. Biosphere reserves are created to promote conservation, biodiversity and sustainable livelihoods. Municipal and public participation in these reserves can be encouraged, promoting a local sense of place as well as sustainable community and regional development. An examination of two Canadian biosphere reserves, Riding Mountain and Long Point, illustrates how local governments and these reserves might assist each other in their mutual goals of long-term sustainability while offering a worthwhile model of local collaborative, place-based governance.     

重庆市土地储备制度的融资选择

城市土地储备制度的运行必须以连续的资金流为保汪，但是传统的融资渠道，如财政拨款和银行贷款已不能满足当前城市土地整理及开发中巨大的资金需求。以重庆市为例，从分析重庆市城市土地利用状况和土地市场特点出发，运用PPP模式和ABS模式，提出土地信托和土地债券的概念，得出一条创新的城市土地储备制度融资渠道，以加强城市抵御各方面风险的能力。     

中国能源安全问题探讨及对策研究

剖析能源安全概念和内涵,分析中国能源安全的严峻形势,指出供给不足、能源结构以煤为主、石油过度依赖进口、能源消费导致的环境污染等问题。针对中国目前的能源安全问题,笔者提出应对措施,具体有4方面对策:提高能源效率、改变我国能源结构;能源进口多元化;建立蛛网式能源供应战略通道,实施石油储备战略;促进环境保护和环境改进。认为只有将能源供应、经济竞争力和环境质量作为国家能源安全的3个基本要素,才可能实现中国的能源安全和可持续发展。     

Effects of cost metric on cost‐effectiveness of protected‐area network design in urban landscapes

A common goal in conservation planning is to acquire areas that are critical to realizing biodiversity goals in the most cost‐effective manner. The way monetary acquisition costs are represented in such planning is an understudied but vital component to realizing cost efficiencies. We sought to design a protected‐area network within a forested urban region that would protect 17 birds of conservation concern. We compared the total costs and spatial structure of the optimal protected‐area networks produced using three acquisition‐cost surrogates (area, agricultural land value, and tax‐assessed land value). Using the tax‐assessed land values there was a 73% and 78% cost savings relative to networks derived using area or agricultural land value, respectively. This cost reduction was due to the considerable heterogeneity in acquisition costs revealed in tax‐assessed land values, especially for small land parcels, and the corresponding ability of the optimization algorithm to identify lower‐cost parcels for inclusion that had equal value to our target species. Tax‐assessed land values also reflected the strong spatial differences in acquisition costs (US$0.33/m²–$55/m²) and thus allowed the algorithm to avoid inclusion of high‐cost parcels when possible. Our results add to a nascent but growing literature that suggests conservation planners must consider the cost surrogate they use when designing protected‐area networks. We suggest that choosing cost surrogates that capture spatial‐ and size‐dependent heterogeneity in acquisition costs may be relevant to establishing protected areas in urbanizing ecosystems.     

Promoting meaningful and positive nature interactions for visitors to green spaces

The increasing alienation of people from nature is profoundly concerning because people's interactions with nature affect well-being, affinity for nature, and support of biodiversity conservation. Efforts to restore or enhance people's interactions with nature are, therefore, important to ensure sustainable human and wildlife communities, but little is known about how this can be achieved. A key factor that shapes the way people interact with nature is their affinity for nature (often measured as nature relatedness [NR]). We explored how using cues to experience nature as a means to induce NR situationally can influence the quality of people's nature interactions on visits to green spaces and their positive affect after the visit. Cues to experience are cues that guide individuals on how to interact with nature. We surveyed 1023 visitors to a nature reserve to examine the relationships between trait (i.e., stable and long-lasting) and state (i.e., temporary, brief) NR, the quality of nature interactions, and positive affect. We also conducted a controlled experiment in which 303 participants spent 30 min outdoors on campus and reported the quality of their nature interactions and positive affect. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 9 cues-to-experience experimental groups (e.g., smell flowers, observe wildlife, turn off your phone) that differed in the psychological distance from nature that they prompted. Participants who received cues of close psychological distance from nature (e.g., smell and touch natural elements) interacted 3 to 4 times more with nature and reported 0.2 more positive affect than other participants. Our results demonstrate that providing cues to experience nature, which bring people closer to nature and potentially induce state NR, can enhance the quality of people's nature interactions and their positive affect. These results highlight the role of NR in high-quality nature interactions and suggest the use of cues to experience as a promising avenue for inducing state NR and promoting meaningful interactions with biodiversity, thus, reconciling conservation and well-being objectives.