城市边界层气象条件对O3浓度垂直分布的影响

利用2002年7月21日至26日,北京325m气象塔O3浓度梯度观测资料及同期的气象资料,分析了O3浓度的时空分布特征、超标情况及不同天气条件下,O3浓度的日变化规律;并对7月23日,24日两天出现高浓度污染的大气稳定度和逆温、相对湿度、低空风等边界层气象条件对O3垂直分布的影响进行了详细分析。研究表明:城市边界层气象条件,尤其逆温是影响O3垂直分布的重要因素。     

基于覆岩空间结构理论的矿压特征分析及应用

基于覆岩空间结构理论,一面采空、两面采空边界条件下覆岩结构称为“O”型和“S”型,结合矿压知识及工程背景的特殊条件,将二者转换过程中覆岩结构定义为“O-S”型。在系统分析三种结构构成、运移规律和应力分布特征的基础上,对矿山动力事件进行分析与防治;现场侧向支承压力监测结果显示基于覆岩空间结构理论的结构构成及相关计算相似,现场顶板岩层离层监测结果显示基于覆岩空间结构理论的覆岩运移规律阐述可靠,工作面矿压特征监测结果显示基于覆岩空间结构理论的特厚煤层矿压特征分析与实际发生情况基本一致,研究可为类似条件下矿压特征分析与岩层控制提供一定借鉴。     

基于全局敏感性分析方法的WASP模型不确定性分析

为了定量讨论WASP(The water quality analysis simulation program,水质分析模拟程序)模型中各参数对模拟结果的影响及其不确定性,本文在Simulink环境下对模型进行重组,利用Sobol方法,对影响DO、CBOD、NH3-N、NO3--N等4项输出的各参数敏感性进行了研究,重点讨论了输入条件如时空变化对参数敏感性的影响.结果表明:Sobol全局敏感性分析方法能够有效地筛选出WASP模型中对DO、CBOD、NH3-N、NO3-变化模拟较为敏感的参数,在实现模型参数“本土化”中具有较大的应用潜力;对比总敏感性与一阶敏感性指数之间的差异, WASP模型当中的若干参数(如GP1、PNH3、anc等)耦合性较强,不宜使用一次一个变量法对这些变量进行敏感性分析;在参数敏感性变化方面,即使对于同一条河流,WASP的参数敏感性指数会因边界条件的时空变化而发生改变.敏感性受空间变化的影响不大,但受时间(季节)变化的影响显著;输入变量随时间的变化,会引起模型不确定性在各季节上的较大的差异;WASP模型当中存在明显的“异参同效”作用,仅靠传统方法进行全局寻优率定,并不能体现水体各组分之间相互转化的过程,还需要结合实验对关键参数进行率定.     

富氧-缺氧过程对氧气分布及交换过程影响

为考察底层水体不同的氧动态对水土界面氧气交换过程影响,采用Unisence的微电极测试系统考察底层水体不同的复氧-缺氧环境(物理微曝空气供氧、添加过氧化剂的化学供氧及物理微曝氮气)中,沉积物-水界面氧气的分布及其传输机制,并评估不同富氧与厌氧过程对表层沉积物有机碳的矿化过程的影响.结果表明水体处极度厌氧状况,控制溶解氧分布和交换的水底扩散边界层(DBL)厚度明显变薄(一般在0.2~0.4mm)且溶解氧衰变相对较缓.但底层水体溶解氧丰富甚至处于过饱和状态, DBL层的厚度(一般在0.4~0.7mm)相对较厚且氧气变化迅速 (P<0.05).增加水体氧气供给的条件下,水体与沉积物间溶解氧交换过程加快,溶解氧交换通量由(4.87±0.92)增加至(5.31±0.66 )及(17.14±3.15 ) mmol O2/(m2·d)交换速率,最高提升252%,温度升高氧气交换速率可增加15%,温度效应明显.     

露采高边坡模型初始地应力场快速生成方法研究

为防止露釆高边坡建模中初始地应力场畸变,采用子模型法和等效应力梯度边界面力法,用等效应力梯度边界面力替代简化部分水平构造应力,施加侧边界条件.以黄山石灰石矿山高边坡为工程实例,建立取至负地形的高边坡整体计算模型和简化子模型,计算对比整体大模型与简化子模型初始地应力场模拟结果.结果表明:整体大模型与简化子模型水平方向和竖...     

Coupled hydromechanical modeling of CO2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers

Sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in deep saline aquifers has emerged as an option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The large amounts of supercritical CO₂ that need to be injected into deep saline aquifers may cause large fluid pressure increases. The resulting overpressure may promote reactivation of sealed fractures or the creation of new ones in the caprock seal. This could lead to escape routes for CO₂. In order to assess the probability of such an event, we model an axisymmetric horizontal aquifer–caprock system, including hydromechanical coupling. We study the failure mechanisms, using a viscoplastic approach. Simulations illustrate that, depending on boundary conditions, the least favorable moment takes place at the beginning of injection. Initially, fluid pressure rises sharply because of a reduction in permeability due to desaturation. Once CO₂ fills the pores in the vicinity of the injection well and a capillary fringe is fully developed, the less viscous CO₂ displaces the brine and the capillary fringe laterally. The overpressure caused by the permeability reduction within the capillary fringe due to desaturation decreases with distance from the injection well. This results in a drop in fluid pressure buildup with time, which leads to a safer situation. Nevertheless, in the presence of low-permeability boundaries, fluid pressure continues to rise in the whole aquifer. This occurs when the radius of influence of the injection reaches the outer boundary. Thus, caprock integrity might be compromised in the long term.     

海岸地区基于AERMOD的热力内边界层对大气污染物扩散影响的模拟研究

海岸地区热力内边界层(TIBL)对大气污染物扩散具有重要影响。选取杭州湾地区某区域为模拟区,采用一个TIBL高度的简单计算模式模拟模拟区的TIBL高度,将其耦合到空气质量模式AERMOD中,并对AERMOD的相关模块和参数进行了相应的修改,再分别利用原AERMOD和改进后的AERMOD,模拟了不同污染源情景下的大气污染物地面浓度分布。结果表明,在多数情况下,由于TIBL对于大气污染物扩散空间的限制,大气污染物的地面最大浓度有所升高,地面浓度的高值区范围也有所增加,具体影响特征取决于污染源与TIBL的相对高度以及污染源距离海岸的相对位置。     

The sea–air exchange of mercury (Hg) in the marine boundary layer of the Augusta basin (southern Italy): Concentrations and evasion flux

The first attempt to systematically investigate the atmospheric mercury (Hg) in the MBL of the Augusta basin (SE Sicily, Italy) has been undertaken. In the past the basin was the receptor for Hg from an intense industrial activity which contaminated the bottom sediments of the Bay, making this area a potential source of pollution for the surrounding Mediterranean. Three oceanographic cruises have been thus performed in the basin during the winter and summer 2011/2012, where we estimated averaged Hg_atm concentrations of about 1.5 ± 0.4 (range 0.9–3.1) and 2.1 ± 0.98 (range 1.1–3.1) ng m⁻³ for the two seasons, respectively. These data are somewhat higher than the background Hg_atm value measured over the land (range 1.1 ± 0.3 ng m⁻³) at downtown Augusta, while are similar to those detected in other polluted regions elsewhere. Hg evasion fluxes estimated at the sea/air interface over the Bay range from 3.6 ± 0.3 (unpolluted site) to 72 ± 0.1 (polluted site of the basin) ng m⁻² h⁻¹. By extending these measurements to the entire area of the Augusta basin (∼23.5 km²), we calculated a total sea–air Hg evasion flux of about 9.7 ± 0.1 g d⁻¹ (∼0.004 t yr⁻¹), accounting for ∼0.0002% of the global Hg oceanic evasion (2000 t yr⁻¹). The new proposed data set offers a unique and original study on the potential outflow of Hg from the sea–air interface at the basin, and it represents an important step for a better comprehension of the processes occurring in the marine biogeochemical cycle of this element.     

Development of a nonlocal convective mixing scheme with varying upward mixing rates for use in air quality and chemical transport models

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Asymmetrical convective non-local scheme (CON) with varying upward mixing rates is developed for simulation of vertical turbulent mixing in the convective boundary layer in air quality and chemical transport models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The upward mixing rate form the surface layer is parameterized using the sensible heat flux and the friction and convective velocities. Upward mixing rates varying with height are scaled with an amount of turbulent kinetic energy in layer, while the downward mixing rates are derived from mass conservation. RESULTS: This scheme provides a less rapid mass transport out of surface layer into other layers than other asymmetrical convective mixing schemes. DISCUSSION: In this paper, we studied the performance of a nonlocal convective mixing scheme with varying upward mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer and its impact on the concentration of pollutants calculated with chemical and air-quality models. This scheme was additionally compared versus a local eddy-diffusivity scheme (KSC). Simulated concentrations of NO(2) and the nitrate wet deposition by the CON scheme are closer to the observations when compared to those obtained from using the KSC scheme. CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations calculated with the CON scheme are in general higher and closer to the observations than those obtained by the KSC scheme (of the order of 15-20%). Nitrate wet deposition calculated with the CON scheme are in general higher and closer to the observations than those obtained by the KSC scheme. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: To examine the performance of the scheme, simulated and measured concentrations of a pollutant (NO(2)) and nitrate wet deposition was compared for the year 2002. The comparison was made for the whole domain used in simulations performed by the chemical European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme Unified model (version UNI-ACID, rv2.0) where schemes were incorporated.     

工业用制氧机噪声控制方案

在大型炼钢生产工艺过程中,需要制备大量的氧气.由于空气流量大,制氧机进口噪声大,对周围环境和工作人员造成了极大的危害.对某钢铁集团制氧机的噪声源进行了分析,并在现场调查的基础上,提出了制氧机噪声治理方案.经过测试,治理后的厂界噪声指标达到国家标准的控制要求.