湖域工业点源初始排污权配置定额模型与算法研究

针对湖域工业点源初始排污权定额配置问题,以“公平、效率、可行”为配置原则,通过引入权重系数的字典序最小化最大值方法,构建了基于多主体多种初始排污权多期配置的字典序定额模型,并给出求解算法。进而以江苏省太湖流域27类主要工业行业的初始氨氮排污权单期配置为例,从行业初始排污权短缺率与行业治污效益两方面,对比分析了基于等短缺率定额模型、等环境容量比例定额模型、字典序定额模型计算得到的3种定额配置方案效果。结果表明：相对于另外两种定额模型,字典序定额模型所得配置方案可实现平均行业短缺率最小(4613%),平均行业治污效益最大。研究也表明在“公平、效率、可行”配置原则下,字典序定额配置方法能够更为有效的促进企业治污技术提标升级和区域产业结构升级     

大空间单跨门式刚架结构抗火性能影响因素的客观权重研究

火灾时的大空间单跨门式刚架结构抗火性能,受钢构件温升和结构整体抗火临界温度的影响.本文通过对无保护大空间建筑钢构件温升数据的统计分析,获得包含火源功率、建筑体积、钢构件截面形状系数的钢构件温升拟合公式;结合单跨门式刚架结构整体抗火临界温度数据的统计分析,获得包含荷载比、柱高和系数K的结构整体抗火临界温度拟合公式;通过分...     

CFRP加固高强混凝土梁锚固方式试验研究

高强混凝土梁受拉底面粘贴补强纤维布后,延性降低显著。为提高补强梁的综合性能,利用四点弯曲梁静载试验,在补强加固梁梁端及跨中实施不同的锚固方式,对比不同锚固组合下加固梁的强度和延性。研究表明:端部U锚能改善加固梁破坏模式,提高加固梁的延性和强度及补强纤维布的利用率。端部U锚联合跨中全包锚固能进一步提高加固梁的延性,显著提高补强纤维布的利用率,且能平衡变形性和承载力在安全储备中的比重;在补强纤维布断裂后,能有效限制补强纤维布的剥离和滑移,继续发挥补强作用,使加固梁延性和强度得以恢复;能对包裹区混凝土产生约束作用,提高混凝土的延性。因此端部U锚联合跨中全包锚固是合理且有充分安全储备的锚固方式。     

三峡库区香溪河流域非点源营养盐输出变化的试验研究

综合三峡库区香溪河流域土地利用结构和水系特点,在三大支流出口处设置常规水质监测断面,于干流响滩处设置水文控制断面,通过断面水质水量监测,利用数字滤波法解析径流多源和污染多源,研究上游来流点源和非点源营养盐输出负荷变化。结果表明：受农业非点源污染影响,TN是高岚河（0788 mg/L）＞古夫河（0712 mg/L）＞南阳河（0567 mg/L）;南阳河受磷矿企业点源输入的影响,TP是南阳河（0323 mg/L）＞高岚河（0074 mg/L）＞古夫河（0053 mg/L）;断面流量与降雨量的相关系数〖WTBX〗R〖WTBZ〗2=0720 2;TN和TP非点源年负荷输出分别占总量的61%和40%的, 20100607次降雨径流监测分析发现此次降雨汇流期间营养盐TN和TP输出的非点源贡献率分别达752%和709%;营养盐负荷主要受径流量影响,TN和TP输出负荷与流量的相关系数分别是0963 6和0978 9     

Role of black carbon in the distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans in aged field-contaminated soils

Floodplain soils containing elevated levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were collected from several locations along the Tittabawassee River (Michigan, USA). The PCDD/F profiles of these soils exhibited distinct congener patterns consistent with byproducts from either chloralkali manufacturing or chlorophenols productions. Black carbon (BC) particles were isolated for the first time from floodplain soil impacted by PCDD/Fs. Petrographic analysis showed that BC particles, including coal, oxidized coal, metallurgical coke, depositional carbon, coal tar/pitch, cenosphere, and charcoal, comprised approximately 30% by volume of the organic fraction with size range of 250 μm-2000 μm from a typical floodplain soil. The BC particles with anthropogenic origin such as pitch and coke associated with the chloralkali production process served as both the source and subsequent transporter for the highly hydrophobic PCDD/Fs. These anthropogenic BC particles were enriched with high levels of PCDFs, containing approximately 1000-fold the concentration found in the bulk soil. The strong association of PCDD/Fs with anthropogenic BC directly impacts the physicochemical and biological availability thus the risk associated with these hydrophobic organochlorines in soils and sediments.     

Development of a combined isotopic and mass-balance approach to determine dissolved organic carbon sources in eutrophic reservoirs

A combined mass-balance and stable isotope approach was set up to identify and quantify dissolved organic carbon (DOC) sources in a DOC-rich (9 mg L⁻¹) eutrophic reservoir located in Western France and used for drinking water supply (so-called Rophemel reservoir). The mass-balance approach consisted in measuring the flux of allochthonous DOC on a daily basis, and in comparing it with the effective (measured) DOC concentration of the reservoir. The isotopic approach consisted, for its part, in measuring the carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C values) of both allochthonous and autochthonous DOC sources, and comparing these values with the δ¹³C values of the reservoir DOC. Results from both approaches were consistent pointing out for a DOC of 100% allochthonous origin. In particular, the δ¹³C values of the DOC recovered in the reservoir (−28.5 ± 0.2‰; n = 22) during the algal bloom season (May-September) showed no trace of an autochthonous contribution (δ¹³C in algae = −30.1 ± 0.3‰; n = 2) being indistinguishable from the δ¹³C values of allochthonous DOC from inflowing rivers (−28.6 ± 0.1‰; n = 8). These results demonstrate that eutrophication is not responsible for the high DOC concentrations observed in the Rophemel reservoir and that limiting eutrophication of this reservoir will not reduce the potential formation of disinfection by-products during water treatment. The methodology developed in this study based on a complementary isotopic and mass-balance approach provides a powerful tool, suitable to identify and quantify DOC sources in eutrophic, DOC-contaminated reservoirs.     

Adsorptive removal of an acid dye by lignocellulosic waste biomass activated carbon: equilibrium and kinetic studies

Chemically prepared activated carbon material derived from palm flower was used as adsorbent for removal of Amido Black dye in aqueous solution. Batch adsorption studies were performed for the removal of Amido Black 10B (AB10B), a di-azo acid dye from aqueous solutions by varying the parameters like initial solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and temperature with three different particle sizes such as 100 μm, 600 μm and 1000 μm. The zero point charge was pH 2.5 and the maximum adsorption occurred at the pH 2.3. Experimental data were analyzed by model equations such as Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms and it was found that the Freundlich isotherm model best fitted the adsorption data and the Freundlich constants varied from (K_F) 1.214, 1.077 and 0.884 for the three mesh sizes. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG, ΔH and ΔS were also calculated for the adsorption processes and found that the adsorption process is feasible and it was the endothermic reaction. Adsorption kinetics was determined using pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order rate equations and also Elovich model and intraparticle diffusion models. The results clearly showed that the adsorption of AB10B onto lignocellulosic waste biomass from palm flower (LCBPF) followed pseudo second-order model, and the pseudo second-order rate constants varied from 0.059 to 0.006 (g mg⁻¹ min) by varying initial adsorbate concentration from 25 mg L⁻¹ to 100 mg L⁻¹. Analysis of the adsorption data confirmed that the adsorption process not only followed intraparticle diffusion but also by the film diffusion mechanism.     

基于适应性管理的水污染控制体系构建——以太湖流域为例

从规划内容与目标、规划方法及方案实施和评估3方面对太湖近20年水污染物控制历程进行综合分析,认为太湖水污染物控制正处面源污染、生活污染及新型污染问题凸显且更难处理,更为广泛的利益相关者和科研队伍积极参与的转型期.这种变化将导致污染治理面临更难应付的动态性和复杂性,使得当前以环境容量为总量为指导通过自上而下分配排污量和削减量的控制方案面临极大挑战.结合太湖水污染现状,通过与现行治理方法在管理假设、适合对象、协调管理手段、管理目标、规划方法、公众参与程度以及规划的优劣势等方面的比较发现,适应性管理可以积极有效应对由于环境趋势和管理协调对象变化所带来的系统不确定性和复杂性,将是一个积极有效的补充方法.同时,本文基于适应性管理提出了太湖水环境污染物排放控制体系的构建框架,突出适应性管理平台、科学研究及公众与基层单位参与在污染物控制中的重要作用.     

论碳关税的福利效应

哥本哈根会议上碳关税引发热议,成为发达国家和发展中国家讨论的焦点.本文从碳关税的内涵出发,梳理了有关碳关税问题的已有研究,通过建立一个简单的局部均衡模型,对征收碳关税情况下进口国、出口国的福利以及全球福利变化进行了分析,研究得出:进口国征收碳关税能提高本国福利水平,减低出口国的福利水平,但福利变化程度取决于进口国国内碳税、出口国是否征税国内碳税、进出口国国内碳密集度水平等情况.进一步.由于温室气体排放是全球公共品,用全球福利最大化代替进口国福利最大的约束条件,探讨了最优碳关税的确定方法,认为最优碳关税取决于需求函数和供给函数的值,由出口国国内碳税与外部性的差异与进口国国内碳税与外部性差异的比值来决定.温室气体减排是国际贸易面临的新问题,碳关税仅仅拉开了以气候变化之名进行国际贸易保护的序幕,如何有效地将国际气候变化规则纳入国际贸易利益的维护中是我们未来面临的重要课题.     

北京现代都市低碳农业的前景与策略

现代都市发展低碳农业是降低温室气体排放,实现国家宏观战略目标的重要组成部分.本文对低碳农业的定义、特征进行了初步阐述,认为低碳农业是通过技术改进和制度创新建立起来的一种低投、高产、低(负)碳、生态的现代农业,具有系统开放性、技术集成性、生命周期性、过程安全性四个特征.利用碳汇/源平衡方法分析北京农业现状,结果表明:目前北京农业领域的碳源与汇分别为10-20 TgCO2eq·a-1和10.23-14.16 TgCO2eq·a-1,碳源基本稳定,碳汇还有较大的发展潜力.根据北京市生态特点和未来农业的定位,发展低碳农业,在技术层面上,可以加强与种植相关的土壤碳汇建设,与养殖相关的减排和其他减排技术;在制度层面上,建立农业布局调整机制,大力发展清洁生产机制、生态补偿机制、农业准入机制和综合调节机制.预测北京低碳农业的前景,初步估算未来北京农业的碳汇潜力可以达到20-30 TgCO2eq·a-1,直接的碳源可以减少到4-5 TgCO2eq·a-1.通过发展低碳农业,不仅可以抵消农业碳源,还能抵消6%-10%总温室气体,真正起到净碳汇功能.