农地流转、农户兼业程度与生产效率的关系

以中部地区142个村1 370户农户的调查结果为基础,运用统计分析法、DEA分析法研究农地流转前后转入户和转出户的农业生产效率变化,进一步采用Tobit回归分析方法探究不同农户兼业程度对两类农户的农业生产效率的影响,为保障国家粮食安全、制定相关政策提供理论依据。研究发现:(1)从综合生产效率来看,中部地区参与农地流转的农户生产效率均较低,仅有0.204,农地流转使转入户提高了1.1%,转出户降低了15.7%;从技术效率和规模效率来看,流转后转出户的技术效率低于转入户1.8%、规模效率与转入户扩大为10.4%,说明农地流转促使土地由转出户向生产技术更高、经营规模更集中的转入户家庭转移。(2)在其他条件不变的情况下,兼业分化会显著提高转入户的生产效率,显著降低转出土地农户的生产效率,且兼业程度越强兼业分化的正方向影响作用越弱。(3)在其他变量中,受教育程度、农业补贴政策的落实和农业技能培训对农业生产效率均有正向影响。研究结论:在农地流转中,建议政府应考虑流转农户的差异化以及兼业程度的影响,针对转入户和转出户分别制定相应的土地政策,一要对兼业程度较高的转出户实行农民身份退出机制,在城乡居民福利和公共服务均等化水平逐渐提高的基础下,稳步推进农民市民化进程,促使土地要素向高生产效率的农户转移。二要从农地的承包经营权中分离出经营权,对土地经营权予以登记,让真正种地的农民得到农业补贴政策的实惠;适度降低转入户的兼业化水平,促进农民职业化,鼓励规模化经营。     

A legal assessment of private land conservation in South America

Privately protected areas (PPAs) are a potentially innovative conservation tool. Legal recognition is necessary for their success, especially where there are institutional challenges to nature conservation, such as in South America. Although PPAs have increased in South America since the early 2000s, there is a critical information gap pertaining to their legal frameworks. We analyzed the level of landowner commitment to and governmental support for PPAs across countries in South America that officially recognize PPAs. We analyzed the legal framework governing PPAs and reviewed literature on them. This process was done in English and Spanish. The information we gathered was validated by 16 conservation experts from 10 South American countries. Because Peru is 1 of only 2 South American countries where local communities create and manage PPAs, we studied Peruvian PPAs in more detail by examining official creation documents and interviewing 13 local conservation professionals. We found inadequate minimum duration of PPAs and vague guidelines for conducting economic activities within them and a lack of governmental support (e.g., financial and technical support) for PPAs. Support was limited to the exemption from rural property taxes, which are relatively low compared with countries outside South America. In Peru, PPAs run by individuals and communities needed different legal frameworks because they were created with different objectives and had different sizes and duration of commitments. The prompt improvement of legal frameworks across South America is necessary for PPAs to achieve their aim of being places for enduring nature conservation in the region.     

基于响应曲面模型的多元复合体系中沉积物吸附阿特拉津的规律

文章建立了阿特拉津（AT）、铜（Cu）、镉（Cd）和马拉硫磷（Ma）四元复合体系中沉积物吸附阿特拉津的BP神经网络模型,模型训练集、验证集、预测集的均方差分别为0.070 3、0.336 0、和0.195 0,模型输入数据与其模拟值相关系数r2=0.841 6。利用所建立的BP神经网络模型构建多元复合体系中沉积物吸附AT的中心复合实验设计并绘制响应曲面模型,结果显示,响应曲面模型可以直观反映多元复合体系中各因素间影响AT吸附的交互作用,AT×Ma的交互作用最大,而除Cu×Cd外,其他两两因素之间的交互作用均呈显著效应,其中,AT×Ma、AT×Cd和Cu×Ma对阿特拉津的吸附产生协同作用,而AT×Cu和Cd×Ma则产生拮抗作用,交互作用占AT吸附量的60.28%,对阿特拉津在沉积物上的吸附影响不可忽略。     

Limited contributions of released animals from zoos to North American conservation translocations

With the loss of biodiversity accelerating, conservation translocations such as reintroductions are becoming an increasingly common conservation tool. Conservation translocations must source individuals for release from either wild or captive-bred populations. We asked what proportion of North American conservation translocations rely on captive breeding and to what extent zoos and aquaria (hereafter zoos) fulfill captive breeding needs. We searched for mention of captive breeding and zoo involvement in all 1863 articles included in the North American Conservation Translocations database, which comprises journal articles and grey literature published before 2014 on conservation translocations in Canada, the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central America before 2014 as identified by a comprehensive literature review. Conservation translocations involved captive breeding for 162 (58%) of the 279 animal species translocated. Fifty-four zoos contributed animals for release. The 40 species of animals bred for release by zoos represented only 14% of all animal species for which conservation translocations were published and only 25% of all animal species that were bred for releases occurring in North America. Zoo contributions varied by taxon, ranging from zoo-bred animals released in 42% of amphibian conservation translocations to zero contributions for marine invertebrates. Proportional involvement of zoos in captive-breeding programs for release has increased from 1974 to 2014 (r = 0.325, p = 0.0313) as has the proportion of translocation-focused scientific papers coauthored by zoo professionals (from 0% in 1974 to 42% in 2013). Although zoos also contribute to conservation translocations through education, funding, and professional expertise, increasing the contribution of animals for release in responsible conservation translocation programs presents a future conservation need and opportunity. We especially encourage increased dialogue and planning between the zoo community, academic institutions, and governments to optimize the direct contribution zoos can make to wildlife conservation through conservation translocations.     

Time in a bottle: challenges to disaster studies in Latin America and the Caribbean

LA RED (Network of Social Studies on the Prevention of Disasters in Latin America) has become the most influential group analysing disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean. Its contributions have paved the way for a new way of understanding disasters, disaster risk, and their management, concerning: (i) that disasters are not natural, but socially constructed; (ii) the inherent nexus between disaster risk, development, and the environment; (iii) the significance of small‐ and medium‐sized disasters and extensive and intensive risks; (iv) disaster risk management at the local level; and (v) integrated disaster risk research and the need for forensic investigations of disasters. As a result of this unification of challenges, intellectual communities of connected individuals were formed. Nonetheless, a focus on territorial management, exposure, and vulnerability remains a challenge for academia. In addition, the labyrinths of disaster risk governance must be disentangled by other stakeholders, such as national authorities, policymakers, and practitioners.     

美国企业应急预案及其对我国的启示

美国企业的应急预案,根据其所处行业领域监管法律法规的要求不同,预案的名称、形式和主要内容都有较大的差异。美国企业的应急预案主要可分为:应急行动预案（EAP）、应急响应预案（ERP）、设施应急预案(FCP)、综合应急管理预案（CEMP）、应急操作预案（EOP）等不同的类别。简要分析美国法律法规对企业编制应急预案的规定和要求,描述不同预案的特点、主要内容及应用情况,并提出完善我国企业应急预案的几点建议。     

Agricultural production and bird conservation in complex landscapes of the dry Chaco

The South American dry Chaco is a mosaic of woody vegetation and grasslands with high deforestation rates in recent decades. Considering forests and grasslands as the main natural habitats, we assessed the trade-offs between bird populations and agricultural production to compare the potential consequences of different land use strategies (‘sharing’, ‘sparing’, and intermediate) for populations of bird species sensitive to agriculture, while attaining a regional production target. We evaluated how populations responded to scenarios with different proportions of forest and grasslands, considering three reference states (100% forest, 80:20% and 50:50% forest and grasslands, respectively); and scenarios capable of meeting three after-farming scenarios, with land destined to reach a regional production target with three variations of forest:grasslands within spared land. We fitted curves to relate bird abundance to agricultural yield along a gradient of meat production intensity; and we classified bird species as ‘losers’ (if their populations were lower than the baseline population in the reference state, at any level of production) and ‘winners’ (if their current populations were higher than the baseline population). At the ‘current’ (c. 2010) level of regional agricultural production, we found a similar number of loser species maximized by land-sparing and land-sharing strategies; while intermediate strategies were the least favourable to balance production and bird populations. Under the most probable scenarios of increases in regional meat production, most loser bird species populations were maximized by a land-sparing strategy, suggesting that if meat production targets are going to increase in the region, this can be more efficiently achieved by combining well-protected forests and grasslands, and high-yielding mechanized agriculture (e.g. soybean). Our results highlight the importance of assessing all the important natural habitats (e.g. forests and grasslands) of a region to explore conservation strategies at a regional scale.     

洞庭湖封闭河口区与湖心区的基本生态特征——以六门闸至小西湖样带为例

通过对洞庭湖六门闸至小西湖样带的调查,研究了封闭河口区和湖心区水体、土壤和植物等基本生态特征及其相关关系。结果表明,河口区水流缓慢,透明度低,而湖心区水流速度较高,透明度也高;河口区水体具有较高的营养水平和电导率,而湖心区水体营养水平和电导率相对较低;湖心区土壤有机质和氮含量较高,而河口区有机质和氮含量相对较低;河口区不适合水生植物的生长繁殖,而湖心区是植物生长繁殖的主要生境。相关分析结果表明,河口区和湖心区生物、土壤和水文特征之间存在相互作用,透明度与水流速度之间在α=0.05水平上相关显著,物种丰富度、生物量和多样性指数分别与水流速度和透明度在α=0.01水平上相关显著,与土壤全氮含量之间在α=0.05水平上相关显著,水流速度是调控生态特征变化的关键因子。     

Spatial and temporal variations of urban litter in Mar del Plata, the major coastal city of Argentina

Urban littering is considered an important environmental and public issue globally. This problem is growing considerably within coastal communities of the southern region of South America. The goals of this study were to assess (1) the abundance and composition of urban litter; (2) the spatial and temporal variations of its abundance; and (3) the relationship between the abundance of litter and three anthropogenic variables (i.e. abundance of pedestrians, of parked vehicles, and of trash bins) in Mar del Plata, the most populated coastal city in Argentina. Eighty-eight transects, each covering 1425 m², were sampled along four sites from April 2008 to March 2009. Results showed 20,336 items (ca. 14 items per m²) of which cigarette butts (33%), papers (31%), and plastics (22%) were the most commonly littered items. Higher amounts of litter were found in an industrial area (city’s harbor), while the abundance of litter appeared relatively even throughout the year. Redundancy analysis techniques indicated a high abundance of all three anthropogenic variables associated with the central business district area of the city and an area in close proximity to a major seaside resort, where cigarette butts and papers dominated. This is the first study that has examined spatial and temporal variations of urban litter in a high-density coastal city in Argentina. Our results showed that addressing the problems associated with urban litter must include intensive educational and advertising campaigns directed at pedestrians and owners of parked vehicles, but waste reduction, clean-up operations and law enforcement should be also considered.     

What makes for good and bad neighbours? An emerging research agenda in the study of Chinese environmental politics

Tackling China’s grave environmental problems increasingly turns on questions of sub-national interjurisdictional relations. What are the conditions under which neighbouring localities cooperate in stewardship of the natural environment? What factors give rise to interjurisdictional conflict such as pollution spillovers? Through a combination of empirical and theoretical reflections, a research agenda to better understand these issues is outlined. First, China’s recent innovative approaches to the promotion of interjurisdictional cooperation are examined. An in-depth case study of interjurisdictional ecological protection ‘redline’ zones underscores the difficulties of inculcating environmental neighbourliness between local governments. Yet, a precise diagnosis of the problem remains elusive because too little is known about the underlying drivers of interjurisdictional relations in China. An analytical framework that draws insight from contemporary China studies and comparative environmental governance scholarship is offered for the study of interjurisdictional environmental relations in China.