中央空调系统噪声测评与控制对策

由于中央空调设计缺陷，安装时没有采取有效的减振措施引起机壳振动或管道风量调节不当，导致噪声超标，引发了许多经济纠纷。只有通过对空调系统噪声进行正确测试与合理评价，找出噪声超标的原因，才能化解这方面的矛盾。     

中国水环境管理体制改革初探

本文从对中国水环境体制结症分析入手 ,提出了中国水环境管理在体制上存在的主要问题 ;同时收集整理了国际上在水环境管理方面具有代表性的 11个国家水环境管理体制方面的资料 ,系统分析了这些国家在国家级、流域级与区域级的水环境管理体制与主要采取的水环境管理模式 ;并以此为依据 ,提出了我国水环境管理体制改革所需遵循的基本原则与改革方向     

Developing sustainable agricultural systems for small farmers in Latin America

The great majority of farmers in Latin America are peasants who still farm small plots of land, usually in marginal environments utilizing traditional and subsistence methods. The contribution of the 16 million peasant units to regional food security is however substantial. Research has shown that peasant systems, which mostly rely on local resources and complex cropping patterns, are reasonably productive despite their small land endowments and low use of external inputs. Moreover analysis of NGO-led agroecological initiatives show that traditional crop and animal systems can be adapted to increase productivity by biologically re-structuring peasant farms which in turn leads to optimization of key agroecosystem processes (nutrient cycling, organic matter accumulation, biological pest regulation, etc.) and efficient use of labour and local resources. Examples of such grassroots projects are herein described to show that agroecological approaches can offer opportunities to substantially increase food production while preserving the natural resource base and empowering rural communities.     

中美环境影响评价制度若干问题比较

比较中国与美国环境影响评价制度的法律依据，评价范围，评价者与评价内容，中美环境法中均规定了该项制度、但美国法院判例也成为重要依据；与中国不同的是，美国环境影响评价之评价对象的唯一限制条件是“对人类有重大影响”，公众参与原则在美国环境影响评价制度中贯彻较好，美国环境影响报告书包括真实可行的替代方案。     

20世纪90年代西安市人口空间变化与郊区化动向

20世纪90年代以来，随着社会经济的快速发展，西安市人口的空间分布发生了很大变化。运用第四次和第五次人口普查数据，通过与20世纪80年代情况的对比。剖析20世纪90年代以来西安市人口数量、人口密度在西安不同地域层次上的分布及变化特征；针对人口变化强度较大的市三环线以内，将其划分为十大功能区段，进一步分析论证西安市中心区人口的外迁动向。研究证明：西安市在1990—2000年间开始进入郊区化过程。且处于相对郊区化阶段；市中心区人口主要迁到内圈（区段Ⅱ）及中圈的高新技术开发区（区段Ⅵ）、文教区（区段Ⅴ）和经济技术开发区（区段Ⅺ）。     

中原经济区平原区地下水脆弱性评价

以中原经济区平原区为研究区,根据研究区具体情况、结合DRASTIC模型和人类活动影响构建了地下水脆弱性评价指标体系,并对固有脆弱性和特殊脆弱性分别赋以0.4和0.6的权重进行综合脆弱性评价,最后通过ARC GIS绘制地下水脆弱性分布图。结果表明:中原经济区平原区地下水综合脆弱性以中等、较高和高为主,三类区域面积分别占24.88%、33.61%和23.44%,其中脆弱性高的区域主要集中在人类活动密集的海河流域和淮河流域中上游。通过与相关水质研究成果对比,地下水脆弱性高的区域也是地下水污染较为严重的区域,说明评价结果较为客观合理,可作为管理部门在未来地下水污染防治方面提供相关参考。     

More than just linking the nodes: civil society actors as intermediaries in the design and implementation of payments for ecosystem services–the case of a blue carbon project in Costa Rica

While in many cases the benefits of ecosystem services (ES) can be enjoyed on different scales, the provision of ES requires engagement and commitment at the local scale. Therefore, the local level becomes important when thinking about compensation schemes or payments for ecosystem services (PES) as an approach to managing ES. The difficult task of bringing together different actors and institutions at different scales for specific conservation projects at the local level often remains in the hands of intermediaries. In this paper, we investigate the role of a civil society organisation (CSO) as an intermediary organisation in a PES scheme, the Community Blue Carbon Project (CBCP) in Costa Rica. To assess the role of intermediaries in a PES scheme, we rely on social network analysis and examine the position and role of the intermediary organisation. Based on Net-Map interviews, which is an interview-based mapping tool that helps people understand, visualise, discuss and improve situations in which many different actors influence outcomes, we find that the intermediary organisation in the CBCP is composed of several institutional and individual intermediaries who create both formal networks for connecting the international to the local level and informal networks for creating trusting relationships among the actors. Different spatial levels are reflected within the CSO’s organisational structure, and the CSO mitigates the distributional, procedural, recognition and contextual aspects of environmental justice.     

AERMOD模式应用于集中供热削减污染面源参数选取探讨

本文根据阳高县城2012年、2013年采暖季SO2、NO2监测浓度,结合2013年集中供热所替代土小采暖炉灶减排的污染物排放量,采用AERMOD模式进行预测验证,并对模式参数取值进行了探讨,以期对模型的同类型应用提供参考。     

Response surface methodology analysis of the photocatalytic removal of Methylene Blue using bismuth vanadate prepared via polyol route

Visible-light driven photocatalyst bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) photocatalyst was synthesized by the polyol route using ethylene glycol. The precipitate was washed, dried and calcined at 450℃ for 3 hr. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), zeta potential, surface area (BET method) and band gap energy via diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The synthesized BiVO₄ has a monoclinic phase with a surface area of 4.3 m²/g and a band gap energy of 2.46 eV. A majority of the particles were in the range of 90-130 nm as obtained from the particle size distribution histrogram. The efficiency of the sample as a visible-light driven photocatalyst was examined by photodegrading Methylene Blue (MB). The effects of some operational photodegradation parameters such as mass loading, initial dye concentration and pH were also examined. Experimental design methodology was applied by response surface modeling and optimization of the removal of MB. The multivariate experimental design was employed to develop a quadratic model as a functional relationship between the percentage removal of MB and three experimental factors (BiVO₄ loading, MB initial concentration and pH). The percentage removal of MB approached 67.21% under optimized conditions. In addition, a satisfactory goodness-of-fit was achieved between the predictive and the experimental results.     

基于面板数据的土地集约利用水平与土地利用碳排放关系研究——以1996～2010年湖北省中心城市数据为例

实现土地集约利用水平提高与土地利用碳减排的双赢,是我国土地管理者的期望。先是测算了湖北省3个中心城市1996~2010年的土地集约利用水平和土地利用碳排放值,对两者关系进行了理论分析与假定,最后通过协整检验、Granger因果关系检验和脉冲响应函数的计量方法验证了理论分析。结果表明:土地集约利用水平与土地利用碳排放存在长期均衡关系。在土地利用资本集约阶段,土地集约利用增加作为碳源的建设用地碳排放量效果明显大于保育农用地等碳汇的碳吸收量效果;不同土地集约利用阶段的土地集约利用水平和土地利用碳排放的关系呈动态变化,技术进步将成为改变两者正相关关系的关键;在土地利用的资本集约阶段,提高土地集约利用水平会促进土地利用碳排放增加,但随着城市经济发展转型及产业集聚特征的变化,土地集约利用水平的提高对碳排放的正向影响将减弱。最后,根据研究结果提出了中心城市的土地低碳集约利用策略。