Effects of Landscape Features on the Distribution and Sustainability of Ungulate Hunting in Northern Congo

Abstract: Understanding the spatial dimensions of hunting and prey population dynamics is important in order to estimate the sustainability of hunting in tropical forests. We investigated how hunting offtake of vertebrates differed in mixed forest and monodominant forest (composed of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei) and over different spatial extents within the hunting catchment around the logging town of Kabo, Congo. In 9 months of recall surveys with hunters, we gathered information on over 1500 hunting trips in which ungulates were 65% of the species killed and 82% of harvested biomass. Hunters supplied information on animals killed and the hunting trip, including the area visited (i.e., hunting zone; 11 separate zones within a 506 km² catchment or commonly hunted area). Over 65% of all animals were killed in monodominant forest, which made up 28% of the hunting catchment, and zones with small amounts of monodominant forest were used most frequently by hunters. Given the large offtakes from monodominant forests, we suggest that animal dispersal may be maintaining high, localized harvests in these areas. We believe hunters preferred to hunt in monodominant forest because the understory was accessible and that areas with small amounts of monodominant forest and large amounts of mixed forest were more productive. The variation in hunting pressure we found between and within hunting zones differs from past examinations of spatial variation in hunting offtake, where entire hunting catchments were considered population sinks and areas with low to no hunting (no‐take zones) were outside hunting catchments. Future use of no‐take zones to manage hunting should incorporate variability in offtake within hunting catchments.     

基于中部崛起背景旅游景区发展战略研究

中国中部地区是中华民族多元文明的核心。适时推出中部崛起战略,是国家整体利益驱动的必然。在中部崛起整体战略下,作为旅游业发展之依托的旅游景区的发展状况和战略至关重要。通过对中部地区旅游景区统计资料整理和文献综述分析,比照东西部地区,分别从旅游景区数量、质量等级、接待能力和水平、经营管理状况、空间分布特征、景区类型等方面比较分析,得出结论：1A 4A级景区质量等级分布均衡,但总体占有率低;接待游客总量居中,但接待入境游客少;接待收入和利润总额高,但人均创利和营业利润率低;地区分布不均衡,景区类型上以自然山水和文物古迹观光为主,娱乐型、度假型景区开发较少。据此,推出了景区升级与扩增、文化品牌、区域分工协作、整体营销发展战略.     

Colombia's discharge fee program: Incentives for polluters or regulators?

Colombia's discharge fee system for water effluents is often held up as a model of a well-functioning, economic incentive pollution control program in a developing country. Yet few objective evaluations of the program have appeared. Based on a variety of primary and secondary data, this paper finds that in its first 5 years, the program was beset by a number of serious problems including limited implementation in many regions, widespread noncompliance by municipal sewerage authorities, and a confused relationship between discharge fees and emissions standards. Nevertheless, in some watersheds, pollution loads dropped significantly after the program was introduced. While proponents claim the incentives that discharge fees created for polluters to cut emissions in a cost-effective manner were responsible, this paper argues that the incentives they created for regulatory authorities to improve permitting, monitoring, and enforcement were at least as important.     

中美湿地保护立法比较研究

本文对中美湿地保护的立法概念、立法体系、立法特色内容等进行了比较,总结了美国湿地保护立法中可供我国借鉴的经验,并为我国瘟地保护立法相关内容的构建和完善提出了建议。     

中央空调节能减排技术改造——实例探析

通过实施中央空调系统全方位节能减排技术,优化电网安全用电,节省电费开支,减少建设成本。不仅可收到可观的经济效益,而且能取得良好的社会效益,是我国建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的必然要求。节能减排,减少污染,应立足本职．把节能减排工作抓紧抓好,推而广之。     

中心切割顶空气相色谱法测定复杂有机废水中的苯系物

建立了中心切割顶空气相色谱法测定复杂有机废水中苯系物的方法。该方法采用DB-1701色谱柱对样品进行初级分离,当目标组份出峰流出时切换至HP-INNOWAX柱进一步分离,避免了大量复杂基质对苯系物分析的干扰。该方法具有较好的准确度和精密度,苯系物的检测限可达到0.000 3~0.000 4 mg/L,采用外标法定量时,分析标准曲线的相关系数在0.999 8~0.999 9之间,苯系物回收率为86.8%~89.7%。     

区域分异视角下进城居民再迁意愿分析

本文利用浙江、河南、四川三省960份已从农村迁移到城镇的居民的入户调查数据,建立二元Logistic回归模型进行验证,分析居民再迁移倾向。研究结果表明:(1)从描述性统计看,69.69%已进城居民不愿再迁,主要是生活原因,而30.31%的居民愿意再迁,主要是经济原因。(2)从三省总样本上看,一是女性较男性有更强的迁移意愿。二是年龄对再次迁移意愿有负向显著影响,年龄越大的进城居民更倾向"安土重迁"。三是家庭类型中三代同堂较单身家庭有更强的迁移意愿,因为养老难、子女教育难。四是手工业工人较村组干部更不愿意迁移,技能优势使其在城里更有保障。五是家庭年总收入对再迁意愿有正向显著影响。六是浙江、四川与河南三地的差异显著,因为三地分属于我国东中西部,社会经济、居民收入和文化观念存在显著差异。(3)从分省比较上看,一是性别、打工年限、家庭类型在浙江省和四川省模型中均有显著影响,但方向相反。二是工作类型在三省都有一定的影响,但存在差异。三是家庭年总收入在河南省不显著,而在四川省和浙江省均是正向显著。四是搬迁到城镇的年数在河南省是正向显著,而在浙江省和四川省是负向显著。五是浙江省和四川省模型都说明对政府越满意,居民越不愿意迁移。基于以上研究结论,本文认为在推进以人为核心的新型城镇化进程中,政府应发挥重要的引导作用,关注已进城居民对经济、生活、教育、社会保障等方面的合理需求,重视不同区域社会经济和文化观念的差异性,健全人口迁移的相关体制,落实各项相关保障政策。     

中原经济区县域经济差异及成因分析

以县域（含县、县级市）为研究单元,采用标准差、变异系数以及多指标分析法对2000—2009年中原经济区县域经济发展的时空差异进行了初步分析。结果表明：从时间上看,中原经济区县域经济的绝对差异呈不断扩大趋势,相对差异呈现波动变化趋势。从空间上看,以2005年和2009年两个断面,研究发现中原经济区的县域经济发展综合水平大致呈现西北高、东南低的发展格局。县域经济发展综合程度的高水平、中高水平县（市）主要分布在京广线以西的河南省中部、西北部地区、江苏省徐州市、山西省长治市和晋城市的大部分;中低水平和低水平的县（市）呈环状不规则分布于高水平、中高水平县（市）的外围地区。即河南省的南部、东部、东北部和西南部,安徽的淮北、亳州和阜阳,湖北的襄阳以及山东的菏泽等地。     

国内经济区的发展实践对中原经济区的启示

基于中原经济区的特点,在全国20多个经济区中选择珠三角经济区、海西经济区、成渝经济区和武汉城市圈4个典型的经济区进行深入分析,通过总结、分析和对比它们各自的发展经验,得出对中原经济区建设和发展的重要启示。     

混凝+芬顿法对中晚期垃圾渗滤液色度去除

垃圾渗滤液经一般生化处理后色度很大。对混凝和芬顿法结合深度处理垃圾渗滤液对色度去除进行了研究。混凝段通过中心复合设计(简称CCD)和响应面方法(简称RSM)分析了混凝的色度去除率的响应特征,建立了实际因素的最终方程模型:Y(色度去除率,%)=-553.40+73.74A+229.06B+0.38AB-34.16A2-22.67B2,(Y、A、B分别代表色度去除率、投加量和pH)并对絮凝条件进行优化,得到混凝反应的最佳优化条件:投加量1.11 g/L,pH 5.06,及在此条件下的去除率67.2%。在芬顿段,将芬顿反应对水中亲水性有机物相对含量(UV254)与对色度的去除特征相结合进行了研究,证明色度的去除跟该类有机物的去除有关,色度去除率最优值条件选择为H2O2/COD=1.0,Fe2+/H2O2=0.35∶1,而初始pH=2.5时对色度的去除达到99%以上。整个工艺出水可达到达标排放标(GB16889-2008)。