阶梯形鱼道中的滚动流研究(英文)

最近 ,小型倾斜河流中的阶梯形鱼道建筑以它的简易与实用而变得日益重要。在这种鱼道中出现的滚动流将产生波涌 ,并继续向下传播 ,而且它的周期性滚动可能会严重危害鱼道。因此 ,我们着手研究了它的严重性以便设计者在设计鱼道时能考虑这些因素。由实验证实滚动流源于阶梯形鱼道的上游。滚动流在稳定流与半平滑流间转变 ,它在一定时间间隔内不断地从稳定流变成半平滑流 ,又从半平滑流变成稳定流。它的流量值随着阶梯形水道的几何形状变形而呈现上下限。流量值和时间间隔均随着水池长度的增加而增加。     

Ecological wetland paradigm drives water source improvement in the stream network of Yangtze River Delta

Jiaxing created a precedent using bypass riparian marshes to purify micro-polluted water sources in China. Pond-wetland complex with constructed root channel technology becomes a paradigm which can be analogized as “human-body wetland model” based on bionics or biomimetics. Heterogeneous plant-bed/ditch system with highly active land/water ecotone interfaces, especially meandering boundaries, breeds many biochemical reactions “living areas”. Optimization of hydraulic regulation promotes redox environment alternations and wetland treatment efficiency. Here we reported a series of upgrades and performances in Guanjinggang wetland after the Shijiuyang prototype. Morphological reform of plant-bed/ditch system played a vital role. Spatially root channel zone was main force of wetland purification, and temporally the treatment effect was higher in low-temperature seasons indicating non-temperature dependent mechanisms worked. Water pollution comprehensive index improved steadily from IV to III, and comprehensive pollution load was reduced by ca. 40%–60%. Comprehensive evaluation function value further showed the gradients purification effect of the upgraded wetland. Ecological wetlands ameliorated source water quality, and reduced drinking water treatment reagents, thereby bringing about economic benefits. Through wetlands operation, people can see how the micro-polluted surface water becomes clear and clean, so promoting a significant social benefit. As a viable component of urban green space, wetlands could beautify regional eco-environment, freshen the air, increase urban ecological taste, and enhance the eco-environmental protection publicity. Thus, the multifunctional service values and indirect benefits are substantial. Jiaxing ecological wetlands provide a typical paradigm for water pollution remediation in developing countries and plays a leading role in technology engineering radiation effect.     

Channel Roughness in North Carolina Mountain Streams

Channel roughness, often described by Manning's n, is used to represent the amount of resistance that flow encounters, and has direct implications on velocity and discharge. Ideally, n is calculated from a long‐term record of channel discharge and hydraulic geometry. In the absence of these data, a combination of photo references and a validated qualitative method is preferable to simply choosing n arbitrarily or from a table. The purpose of this study was to use United States Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow data to calculate roughness coefficients for streams in the mountains of North Carolina. Five USGS gage stations were selected for this study, representing drainage areas between 71.5 and 337 km². Photo references of the study sites are presented. Measured discharges were combined with hydraulic geometry at a cross‐section to calculate roughness coefficients for flows of interest. At bankfull flow, n ranged between 0.039 and 0.064 for the five study sites. Roughness coefficients were not constant for all flows in a channel, and fluctuated over a large range. At all sites, roughness was highest during low‐flow conditions, then quickly decreased as flow increased, up to the bankfull elevation.     

莱州湾南岸平原古河道及其与海（咸）水入侵关系研究

海（咸）水入侵作为莱州湾南岸平原的一种新的环境灾害,其发生、发展与该区广泛分布的古河道密切相关。本文研究了古河道的分布规律、沉积特征及分期,并重点探讨了其与海（咸）水入侵的密切关系。古河道是该区海（咸）水入侵的主要通道,古河道中海（咸）水入侵速度快、方式多、周期性变化明显,是灾情是严重、入侵变化最复杂的地貌单元;古河道又是防治海（咸）水入侵的天然工程,古河道砂层径流条件好,只要采取措施提高其地下淡     

汾渭平原吕梁市颗粒物潜在源及输送通道分析

基于汾渭平原吕梁市2017~2019年颗粒物浓度监测数据和地面气象观测数据,利用后向轨迹聚类分析法以及潜在源贡献函数(PSCF)等方法研究了吕梁市冬季PM₁₀和PM_2.5大气污染特征及其潜在源区,最后结合轨迹密度分析法(TDA)、轨迹停留时间分析法(RTA)对轨迹聚类分析得到污染输送通道进行补充分类,并分析了不同输送通道的输送特征.研究发现,吕梁市2017~2019年颗粒物年均浓度逐年下降,其中PM₁₀下降了28μg/m³,PM_2.5下降了17μg/m³,冬季下降幅度最大.3a冬季风向风速和浓度的统计分析表明吕梁市颗粒物浓度受东北和西南风影响最为显著,其原因是受当地三川河河谷地形的影响.影响吕梁市PM₁₀污染的潜在源区主要位于西南方向,PM_2.5污染的潜在源区主要分布在西南、东和东南方向,颗粒物污染输送通道可概括为:西北、西南和偏东(东+东南)通道.西北通道气流移动速度快,途经新疆、内蒙、甘肃和陕西北部等区域;西南通道气流移动速度慢,主要途经陕西中南部渭河平原等污染严重的区域;偏东通道的气流移动速度慢,气流先沿太行山东麓南下,在经过太行山的横断山谷(太行陉、井陉等)时转向进入山西.PM₁₀污染时西北通道贡献最大,偏东通道贡献最小,且两个通道下绝大多数发生的均是轻度污染,占比都在90%左右;PM_2.5污染时三类通道下发生轻度污染的比重较PM₁₀均下降,西南和偏东通道下发生中度污染以上的比重在50%左右,且西南和偏东通道途经的区域恰好是PSCF计算得到的潜在源区位置,说明了西南和偏东气流容易将细颗粒物输送至吕梁.WRF (天气预报模式)的风场模拟较为直观的解释了三类污染输送通道,且复杂地形是形成污染输送通道的一个重要因素.西北和西南污染输送通道主要受吕梁山脉的影响,偏东污染输送通道主要受太行山及其横谷的影响.     

2009/2010年枯水期珠江口磨刀门水道强咸潮分析

研究对翔实的实测数据进行深入分析,总结出2009/2010年枯水期珠江口磨刀门水道咸潮具有出现早、来势猛、影响大的显著特征。通过对此次强咸潮上溯的影响因素进行分析,研究认为:2009年8月以后,气候变化导致的珠江流域降水异常偏少,径流锐减是2009/2010年枯水期珠江口磨刀门水道强咸潮出现的主要原因;潮汐是驱动磨刀门水道咸潮上溯的主要动力因素,潮汐愈强咸潮愈强;海平面上升是磨刀门水道强咸潮出现的重要影响因素。在全球气候变暖和海平面上升的背景下,研究对深入了解河口区淡水资源的合理开发利用,尤其是对保障河口区城乡供水安全具有重要的参考意义。     

二氧化硫衍生物对背根神经元钙通道的影响

应用全细胞膜片钳技术研究了SO₂衍生物对大鼠DRG(背根神经节)神经元不同亚型钙通道的影响. 结果表明,1 μmol/L SO₂衍生物对不同电压下的钙电流均有增大作用,在-10 mV时可使钙电流增幅达到63.4%±5.7%. 在细胞外液中加入不同亚型钙通道的阻滞剂并经过修正计算发现,1 μmol/L SO₂衍生物使L型钙电流增长了82.2%,N型钙电流增长了95.3%,r型(非L型、非N型)钙电流增长了9.4%,说明高阈值激活的N型和L型钙电流对SO₂衍生物特别敏感,推测SO₂衍生物诱发神经性疼痛,引起神经毒性,可能主要通过增大DRG神经元上N型和L型钙通道发生电流介导.      

中山市2000~2014年霾天气特征及气象影响因子

利用中山市2000~2014年气象资料及2013~2014年环境监测站资料,分析中山市霾特征及气象影响因子,结果表明,中山市霾日数年际变化明显,最少为11d,出现在2005年;最多为134d,出现在2008年.霾天气主要发生在秋冬季节,霾日数最多的月份是1月,平均为10.5d.霾日PM_2.5的平均浓度是非霾日的2.26倍,PM_2.5是霾天气的重要污染物.中山市霾日典型天气形势有7种:大陆高压型、海上高压型、均压场型、冷锋前部型、台风外围下沉气流型、槽前脊后型、低压槽型.其中以大陆高压型占比例最高,为52.03%,冷锋前部型造成的能见度最低.气流轨迹聚类分析表明,影响中山的气流轨迹有7类,主要来源于东北方向的大陆和偏东方向的沿海;在东北方向气流轨迹影响下,污染物浓度较高;在东部沿海的气流轨迹下,能见度较低,表明中山市的霾天气受区域传输影响显著.     

广州地区大气污染物输送通道的特征

运用NCEP的GDAS全球气象要素资料与HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,计算广州地区2010~2012年逐日72h后向轨迹,利用聚类分析方法,分析了广州地区污染物输送通道垂直特征, 计算不同输送通道下广州市颗粒物浓度日均值,同时分析污染物在输送过程中跨越边界层的特征.结果表明:广州地区近地面污染物输送通道可以分为局地、东北路、北路、西北路、东路、南路,不同输送路径对应的PM2.5浓度存在显著差异.局地与东北路输送时,PM2.5浓度最大,北路次之,东路较小,南路输送时最小.西北路输送时,PM10中粗粒子比重明显增加.影响广州地区主要为湖南东南部、江西中部及东南沿海,超过1000m高度的轨迹数所占百分比为16.1%,而低于500m高度的轨迹数所占百分比为 73.1%,近地面污染物的输送主要发生在边界层内部.     

COMPUTATION OF STAGE-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS AFFECTED BY UNSTEADY FLOW1

ABSTRACT: The dynamic relationship between stage and discharge which is unique to a particular flood for a selected station along the river can be determined via a mathematical model based on the complete one-dimensional equations of unsteady flow, i.e., the equations for the conservation of mass and momentum of the flood wave, and the Manning equation which accounts for energy losses. By assuming the bulk of the flood wave moves as a kinematic wave, the need for spatial resolution of the flood can be eliminated, and only the time variation of either the discharge or stage at the selected station is necessary for the computation of the other. The mathematical model can be used in river forecasting to convert the forecast discharge hydrograph into a stage hydrograph which properly reflects the unique dynamic stage-discharge relationship produced by the variable energy slope of the flood discharge. The model can be used also in stream gaging to convert a recorded stage hydrograph into a discharge hydrograph which properly accounts for the effects of unsteady flow. The model is applied to several observed floods at selected stations along the Lower Mississippi, Red, and Atchafalaya Rivers. The root mean square errors between observed and computed discharges are in the range of 3 to 7 percent, values well within the accuracy of the observations. A simple, easily-applied graphical procedure is also provided for estimating the magnitude of the effect of the unsteady flow on stage-discharge ratings. As a general rule, the dynamic effect may be significant if the channel bottom slope is less than 0.001 ft/ft (about 5 ft/mi) when the rate of change of stage is greater than about 0.10 ft/hr.