河道型水库基于敏感性分区的营养状态标准与评价方法研究

通过对河道型水库水动力学空间特征及其与富营养化敏感性的关系研究,提出了基于河道型水库敏感分区的营养状态评价标准体系以及评价方法.采用滞留率、缓流率等水动力学概率特征指标计算敏感性风险概率指数,在此基础上将河道型水库划分为河流类型区、过渡类型区和湖泊类型区,对不同类型区分别制定营养状态评价标准.建立了由叶绿素a、总磷、总氮及其透明度组成的营养状态评价指标体系,并对各种评价指标在河道型水库的适用条件进行了分析.提出了制定河道型水库营养状态指标分级标准值的统计学分析、营养化指数与营养状态指标的回归分析、营养状态指标的阈值分析等方法.同时对河道型水库的营养状态综合评价方法进行了研究,提出了河道型水库的营养状态综合指数计算方法以及营养状态划分标准.     

三峡水库蓄水前后长江中下游江心洲的演变及其机理分析

长江中下游河道存在数量众多的江心洲,三峡水库蓄水运行后这些江心洲的演变深为人们关注。选取2000~2011年宜昌、汉口、大通站的年均流量和输沙量,1999、2001、2003、2005、2007、2009和2011年长江中下游20个代表性江心洲的遥感影像,分析三峡水库蓄水前后水沙变化及江心洲面积变化过程,同时利用概念模型分析江心洲面积变化与流量和含沙量之间的关系。研究表明:(1)三峡水库蓄水后(2003~2011年)宜昌、汉口、大通站的年均径流量较蓄水前分别减少6.1%、7.3%、9.5%,输沙量分别减小90.3%、72.1%、66.9%,平均含沙量分别减少了89.6%、70.8%、64.8%;(2)2003年蓄水前,12个(60%)江心洲面积逐年增加,相对于1999年其平均变化率为26.8%;2003年蓄水后,只有9个(45%)江心洲面积逐年也增加但是平均变化率减少至22.1%,11个(55%)江心洲面积逐年减少,相对于1999年其平均变化率为19.4%;(3)概念模型分析表明:江心洲面积变化量跟水位、冲蚀量成正相关,而水位、冲蚀量跟流量、悬沙减少量成正相关。江心洲面积变化量主要受水位变化控制,这种关系导致长江中下游江心洲演变的一种假象:既蓄水后面积不断增加的少数江心洲实际上也处于不断冲蚀的过程。     

Bankfull Regional Curves for the Alleghany Plateau/Valley and Ridge,Piedmont, and Coastal Plain Regions of Maryland

Regional curves are empirical relationships that can help identify the bankfull stage in ungaged watersheds and aid in designing the riffle dimension in stream restoration projects. Bankfull regional curves were developed from gage stations with drainage areas less than 102 mi² (264.2 km²) for the Alleghany Plateau/Valley and Ridge (AP/VR), Piedmont, and Coastal Plain regions of Maryland. The AP/VR regions were combined into one region for this project. These curves relate bankfull discharge, cross‐sectional area, width, and mean depth to drainage area within the same hydro‐physiographic region (region with similar rainfall/runoff relationship). The bankfull discharge curve for the Coastal Plain region was further subdivided into the Western Coastal Plain (WCP) and Eastern Coastal Plain (ECP) region due to differences in topography and runoff. Results show that the Maryland Piedmont yields the highest bankfull discharge rate per unit drainage area, followed by the AP/VR, WCP, and ECP. Likewise, the Coastal Plain and AP/VR streams have less bankfull cross‐sectional area per unit drainage area than the Piedmont. The average bankfull discharge return interval across the three hydro‐physiographic regions was 1.4 years. The Maryland regional curves were compared to other curves in the eastern United States. The average bankfull discharge return interval for the other studies ranged from 1.1 to 1.8 years.     

REHABILITATION OF WATERSHEDS WITH INCISING CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: Channel incision is a pervasive problem that threatens infrastructure, destroys arable land, and degrades environmental resources. A program initiated in 1983 is developing technology for rehabilitation of watersheds with erosion and sedimentation problems caused by incision. Demonstration projects are located in 15 watersheds in the hills of northwest Mississippi. Watershed sizes range from 0.89 to 1,590 km², and measured suspended sediment yields average about 1,100 t km^-2-yr^-1. Water quality is generally adequate to support aquatic organisms, but physical habitat conditions are poor. Rehabilitation measures, which are selected and laid out using a subjective integration of hydraulic and geotechnical stability analyses, include grade controls, bank protection, and small reservoirs. Aquatic habitat studies indicate that stone-protected stilling basins below grade-control weirs and habitats associated with drop pipes and stone spur dikes are assets to erosion-damaged streams. Additional recovery of habitat resources using modified stone stabilization designs, woody vegetation plantings, and reservoir outlets designed to provide non-zero minimum flows is under investigation.     

MODELING MULTIPLE CRITICAL DEPTHS1

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the occurrence of multiple critical depths in one-dimensional computational models of open channel systems. The mathematical formulation is reviewed, including examination of the number of possible roots by Descartes' Rule. Governing equations and dependent variables are scrutinized using two compound cross sections. Occurrence tendencies are reviewed for singular channels. Critical flow is introduced as a tool to determine the existence and location of computationally based multiple critical depths. A strategy to manage multiple critical depths in existing one-dimensional steady or unsteady models is proposed.     

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CHANNEL MODIFICATION1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this literature review is to identify and quantify the effects of channelization and to examine the feasibility and acceptability of alternative methods of flood control. In the past 150 years, over 200,000 miles of stream channels have been modified. Channelization can affect the environment by draining wetland, cutting off oxbows and meanders, clearing floodplain hardwoods, lowering ground water levels, reducing ground water recharge from stream flow, and increasing erosion sedimentation, channel maintenance, and downstream flooding. Channelization reduces the size, number, and species diversity of fish in streams. In a wet climate, the fishery requires less than 10 years to fully recover. However, in the drier climates, the fishery may never fully recover. In general, channel modifications have performed as designed for flood abatement. The Arthur D. Little Study (1973) reported that direct benefits estimated during channelization planning have been conservative and that damage reduction has been impressive. Diking seems to be a viable alternative to channel dredging. Dikes minimize destruction of wetland and eliminate the need for removing vegetation from the existing stream banks.     

CHANNEL MODIFICATION AND MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY DIVERSITY IN SMALL STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: The principal objective of this study was to investigate the long-term, temporal effect of channel modification in the diversity of macroinvertebrates. Correlation analyses suggest that aquatic macroinvertebrate communities stabilize shortly after channel modification. This conclusion is based on correlation analyses including five widely accepted diversity indices for stream reaches that have undergone channel work from less than 1 year to more than 30 years prior to the study.     

电除尘器末端微细粉尘收集装置研究

电除尘器末端是针对二次扬尘超细粉尘颗粒的收集的最后一道屏障。通过分析前人在此方面开展研究的技术成果基础上,集成多项技术,探索一条经济性较高的电除尘器增容提效改造的途径。     

Stream and Retention Pond Thermal Response to Heated Summer Runoff From Urban Impervious Surfaces1

Abstract: Runoff from parking lots during summer storms injects surges of hot water into receiving water bodies. We present temperature data collected near urban storm sewer outfalls in Blacksburg, Virginia, using arrays of sensors in a stream and a stormwater pond. Surges occurred roughly a dozen times per month, ranging up to 8.1°C with average duration 2 h in the stream and up to 11.2°C with average duration 7 h in the pond. Surges were larger in the pond due to a larger contributing watershed, no dilution by upstream water, and cool background temperatures near the outfall. Surges began abruptly, warming at rates averaging 0.2°C/min for periods of 5‐20 min. Surges dissipated as they propagated into the water bodies, travelling further in the stream (>19 m) than the pond (～10 m) consistent with greater advection in the stream. Surges were largest and most frequent in the afternoon but occurred at all times of day and night. Stream surges exhibited two phases: an early high‐temperature low‐volume input from the storm sewer and a later low‐temperature high‐volume input from upstream. Surges at the pond did not exhibit two phases, consistent with inputs only from storm sewers. Surges are likely common in urban areas, and may cumulatively have consequences for aquatic organisms, biogeochemical process rates, and even human health. Such effects may be compounded by urban heat islands and climate change, so prevention or mitigation should be considered.     

水污染物排放总量控制方法研究--以无锡城北地区为例

水环境已经成为整个苏南地区经济发展的制约因素之一,为实现经济效益与环境效益协调发展,对水污染物排放实行总量控制至关重要。在对无锡城北地区水污染物负荷、水环境现状及水环境功能充分调查的基础上,结合该区域的水文特征和排水规划,统计分析出区域内水污染物的排放总量,根据污水集中处理方案,计算出区域水污染物的削减量,然后运用河网水质模型,预测水污染物削减后河流水质改善状况,以改善后水环境质量为本底值,以下游水环境保护目标的环境功能为控制要求,反推该区域在污水实行集中处理后所能接纳的水污染物排放总量。通过科学计算得知区域水环境纳污能力为19.8 t/d,由此确定的经济规模有限,必将制约地方经济的发展,提出了扩大水环境纳污能力的有效途径,并提出了建设无锡地区污水入江通道的设想。